ENT

Question 1

What is a biphasic stridor indicative of?

Answer 1

Fixed airway obstruction generally at glottis or just below.
Vocal cord lesion - present from birth, biphasic stridor, weak cry
Subglottic haemangioma - develop weeks to months after birth

Question 2

What noise will you hear with a supraglottic obstruction?

Answer 2

Inspiratory stridor

Question 3

On audiometry what is normal in terms of frequency and decibels?

Answer 3

Decibels <15
Generally able to function normally with hearing between 500-2000 Hz but should also be able to hear up to around 6000-8000Hz and down to 200Hz

Question 4

What does it suggest if on audiometry there is reduction in air conduction but correction with bone conduction?

Answer 4

Likely an issue with the external ear canal or the TM eg. Effusion and the middle ear is actually normal. This means you can bypass the issue with bone conduction directly to the middle ear.

Question 5

What respiratory sound will tracheomalacia cause?

Answer 5

Expiratory stridor as subglottic/intrathoracic location

Question 6

Describe the main findings in waardenburg syndrome.

Answer 6

Autosomal dominant
Genes - EDN3, EDNRB, PAX3, SOX10
SNHL
Pigmentation changes of hair, skin and eyes
Associated with intestinal and spinal defects and hirschsprung disease

Question 7

Child with profound SNHL and a thyroid goitre?

Answer 7

Pendred syndrome
Note: Normal thyroid function. Can have mondini abnormality.

Question 8

What can be used to test for effusion if myringotomy not available?

Answer 8

Pneumatic otoscopy

Question 9

What is the gold standard test to check hearing?

Answer 9

Auditory brainstem response testing