ENR 1.5

Question 1

Is airspace designed for complete containment of flights?

What about min climb gradients/MSA?

Answer 1

No, airspace is designed for 5% gradient (if not specified) for arrivals. Therefore controlled airspace may not contain tolerances for dept, approach or holds.
Min climb gradients and MSA are also not guaranteed.

Question 2

Does a VORSEC chart display MSA or MRA?

Answer 2

Displays the higher of the 2

Question 3

Can you take off on a RWY without a promulgated IFR departure?

Answer 3

Yes, if a secondary RWY with IFR minima (but without a dept procedure). Pilot must T/O by day only provided they can visually maintain terrain clearance until on promulgated IFR track and maintain adequate climb gradient to ensure obstacle clearance.

Question 4

When should the pilot intercept the specified track after takeoff?

Answer 4

By the shortest practicable means (minimum 400ft AGL before turn unless otherwise specified)

Question 5

Can visual departures be requested to route/report visual reporting points?

Answer 5

Yes, so a VNC should be carried

Question 6

Describe the climb in an evaluated climb sector for:

• climb across 2 segments
• radial dividing 2 segments
• buffer between segments

Answer 6

Must climb at the higher climb gradient of the 2 segments if required to fly through both to intercept track.
May fly at the lower climb gradient if on a radial dividing 2 segments.
5* buffer for flying out of the segment

Question 7

How is Xtrack error defined as under RNP?

What is the maximum error tolerance?

Answer 7

RNAV computed flight path and the a/c position relative to the required flight path.
Xtrack error should be no more than 1/2 the required nav accuracy (1/2 full scale deflection)

Question 8

What a/c must be….. before leaving an evaluated climb sector?

Answer 8

EST on evaluated route, est on climb above VORSEC step, est in Radar control at or above min Radar contour level or at/above MSA

Question 9

Calculation for RoC and ft/nm.

What is the standard climb gradient?

Answer 9

RoC (ft/min)= 1.013 x GS x gradient
Ft/nm= (RoC x 60)/GS

3.3% or 200ft/nm

Question 10

What is the max IAS during 15* turns in a SID? What other procedure assumes 15* at a minimum?

Answer 10

120kt (A)
165kt (B)
Missed approach procedure

Question 11

Max IAS for holding patterns in normal/turbulent conditions?

Answer 11

At/below 14,000ft: N; 170kt (A/B) or else 230kt
T; 170kt (A/B) or else 280kt
Speed may be 280kt whenever if ATC clearance is obtained and they monitor for terrain clearance

Question 12

What is an onwards clearance time? What about expected approach time?

Answer 12

OCT: time a/c can expect to leave hold pattern location when the HP is not an initial approach fix (enroute hold)
EAT: if an a/c is expected to hold at an initial approach fix and delay is expected to exceed 5 min then EAT will be given (approach hold)

Question 13

When does the outbound leg of a hold pattern begin?
How long are they to be flown?
What is the angle of bank to be flown?

Answer 13

From abeam the holding fix or end of turn onto outbound leg (latest).
At/below 14,000ft 1min
Above 14,000ft 1.5min
Unless length is specified
25* or 3*per sec (lesser)

Question 14

What is a/c category based off? Can an a/c use other a/c categories?

Answer 14

V(at) or threshold crossing speed. 1.3xVso (in landing configuration) at MCLW
A less 91kt
B inc 91-121kt
No, must not reduce due to reduced operating weight.
Yes, must increase category if handling speeds are in excess of those for the category.

Question 15

What is the missed approach climb gradient & obstacle clearance height?

Answer 15

2.5% or 150ft/min with an obstacle clearance height of 98ft

Question 16

What terrain clearance does DME arc provide?

Answer 16

Not less 1000ft terrain clearance +/-2.5nm of the arc

Question 17

What is the radii for circling minima for different categories of a/c?

Answer 17

This is to provide obstacle clearance
A 1.68 nm
B 2.66 nm

Question 18

How to calculate remote QNH?

When is it not to be used?

Answer 18

Add 5ft to MDA for every nm in excess of 5nm from QNH at known AD.
Not to be used in RNAV (RNP) approaches or in baro LNAV/VNAV minima or when “local QNH only stated”

Question 19

What is MSA, MRA, MEA & MFA?

Answer 19

MSA: Min safe alt to provide safe terrain clearance
MRA: Min reception alt for VOR reception
MEA: Min enroute alt for NDB reception
MFA: Highest value of MSA, MRA, MEA & danger areas that complies with cruise levels. Is the lowest useable altitude.

Question 20

When does a SID terminate?

Answer 20

When established enroute… which is above MSA on track

Question 21

Can offset entry be done in all types of hold?

Answer 21

No, if NAVAID is not fix, unable to do offset, unless you have GPS

Question 22

When is the hold entry complete?

Answer 22

When (3) cross fix.

1/2 entry procedure complete and cross fix.

Question 23

List the speeds for procedural calculations for A/B cat a/c

Answer 23

Refer to notes for diagram and foot notes below

Question 24

If you are cleared for a STAR are you cleared for descent and an instrument approach?
What about for an approach? Always?

Answer 24

You are not cleared for a descent or approach when cleared for an arrival, it can only be assumed if an instrument approach clearance is obtained.
However there may be restrictions on the descent… if restriction is in place before a visual reporting point: reported/known cloud base must be +1000ft above descent restriction, 8km vis and reason for restriction.

Question 25

When may an a/c join during a teardrop (base turn) approach directly into procedure?

Answer 25

If arrival to overhead the NAVAID is +/- 30* of outbound course, all others must commence entry into hold (course reversal) then the procedure.

Question 26

Discuss procedural timing for CAT A/B a/c.

Can you extend/shorten outbound legs?

Answer 26

Is used where no distance data available to use by a/c so rely on timing. The procedures are designed with the highest speed in the a/c category in 60kt H/T wind.

               91-110kt.  70-90kt 2min —> 2.5min.    3min 3min —> 4min.       4.5min

May never extend outbound legs unless above (also, if distance & timing available must turn inbound on first occurring). May shorten outbound leg if winds confirmed by immediately preceding IA that min alt can be reached at appropriate decent rate during final approach.

Question 27

Just know the following…

Answer 27

Pilots are expected to anticipate the lead distance to intercept the arc.
There will be a radial on the arc stated that gives 2nm warning before turn onto FA.

Question 28

What conditions are there to commence a visual approach?
At uncontrolled AD?
By night?

Answer 28

• pilot must request visual approach
• maintain visual terrain clearance
• reported ceiling must not be below initial approach level and pilot must report at this level or any time in the approach that met conditions are reasonable as to permit a successful landing.

Uncontrolled: the same except does not have to request
Night: same expect MUST be able to identify RWY lights (REIL/AD beacon not sufficient)

Question 29

What met conditions are there for an ATS/ATIS to state suitable visual approach conditions?

Answer 29

• By day ONLY
• Vis min 16km
• Ceiling min 1000ft above instrument app procedure commencement altitude/min Radar vectoring alt
• OR at CH by night where vis min 16km and NO cloud below 5000ft