Energy for exercise

Question 1

What does ATP do?

Answer 1

Provides energy to make the muscles contract and create movement.
It is readily available in the muscles

Question 2

What enzyme breaks down ATP?

Answer 2

ATPase

Question 3

Give the equation for the exothermic reaction that breaks ATP?

Answer 3

ATP + ATPase = ADP + Pi + energy

Question 4

Give the equation for the endothermic reaction that produces ATP?

Answer 4

ADP + Pi + energy = ATP

Question 5

Why does ATP need to be resynthesised?

Answer 5

To maintain energy and exercise beyond 2 seconds

Question 6

Explain the ATP-PC system

Answer 6

Type: anaerobic
Fuel: phosphocreatine
Site: sarcoplasm
Enzyme: creatine kinase
Yield: 1:1
Intensity: high intensity activities
Duration: 2-3 seconds
By-products: none

Question 7

What happens during the ATP-PC system

Answer 7

Phosphocreatine is broken down into phosphate, creating and energy by creatine kinase.
The energy and phosphate molecules join with ADP to form ATP

Question 8

What are the disadvantages and disadvantages of the ATP-PC system

Answer 8

+ve: no delay for oxygen, simple, no by-products, provides energy quickly
-ve: low ATP yields, small PC stores, rapid fatigue

Question 9

Explain the glycolytic system

Answer 9

Type: anaerobic
Fuel: glycogen
Site: sarcoplasm
Enzyme: GPP, PFK, LDH
Yield: 1:2
Intensity: high intensity activity
Duration: 0-3 mins
By-products: Lactic acid

Question 10

What happens during the glycolytic system?

Answer 10

Glycogen is broken into glucose by GPP. The glucose is then broken into pyruvic acid by PFK. This release energy which makes 2 ATP molecules. The pyruvic acid is broken down by LDH into lactic acid

Question 11

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the glycolytic system?

Answer 11

+ve: no delay for oxygen, increased glycogen store, lactic acid can be recycled into fuel
-ve: fatiguing by-product produced (decreases pH and enzyme activity), lengthy recover

Question 12

Explain the aerobic system

Answer 12

Type: aerobic
Fuel: glycogen
Site: sarcoplasm, matrix, cristae
Enzyme: GPP, PFK, Coenzyme A
Yield: 38:1
Intensity: low intensity activity
Duration: 3+ mins
By-products: Carbon dioxide, hydrogen and water

Question 13

What happens during the aerobic system?

Answer 13

STAGE 1 - AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
Glycogen is broken down into glucose by GPP and then into pyruvic acid. A link reaction catalysed by coenzyme A produces acetyl CoA. 2 ATP is produced during stage 1.
STAGE 2 - KREBS CYCLE
Acetyl CoA links with oxaloacetic acid to produce citric acid. The citric acid enters the Krebs Cycle where carbon dioxide is produced and removed, hydrogen is released, oxaloacetic acid is regenerated and 2 ATP is produced.
STAGE 3 - ELECTRON TRANSPORT TRAIN
Hydrogen links with NAD and FAD to form NADH and FADH. This releases oxygen which combines the hydrogen to release water. 34 ATP is produced during stage 3.

Question 14

What are the disadvantages and disadvantages of the aerobic system?

Answer 14

+ve: large fuel stores, high yield, no fatiguing by-products
-ve: delay for oxygen, slow energy production, limits sub-maximal intensity exercise

Question 15

What is the energy continuum?

Answer 15

The relative contribution of each energy system to overall energy production, depending on the intensity and duration of activity.

Question 16

How long does it take for PC to replenish?

Answer 16

50% = 30 seconds
100% = 3 minutes

Question 17

Why are the correct Work:Relief ratios important?

Answer 17

Lactic acid can be broken down and removed

Question 18

When has onset of blood lactate accumulation been reached?

Answer 18

When blood lactate values go above 4mmol

Question 19

Why is OBLA reached at 85% of a trained individuals VO2 max compared to at 50% of an untrained individuals VO2 max?

Answer 19

They have increased ability to tolerate lactic acids and to remove waste products and supply oxygen to working muscles (buffering capacity)

Question 20

What is excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)?

Answer 20

The volume of oxygen consumer post exercise to return the body to a pre-exercise state

Question 21

Name the 2 stages of recovery EPOC

Answer 21

Fast Alactacid
Slow lactacid

Question 22

Explain what happens during the fast alactacid compononet

Answer 22

PC stores restored: 100% recovery takes 3 minutes. Process requires 3-4 litres of oxygen
Replenishment of blood and muscle oxygen
Happens up to 3 minutes after exercise
Deals with restoring the body

Question 23

Explain what happens during the slow lactacid component

Answer 23

Elevated ventilation and circulation: post-elevated respiratory rate, depth and HR remain elevated but gradually decrease to resting levels to maximise the delivery of oxygen and the removal of by products.
Elevated body temperature: increases metabolic rate
Removal of lactic acid: removed via sweating/urine, converted to proteins, converted back to glucose/glycogen or converted into pyruvic acid to enter the Krebs cycle

Question 24

Name the 7 general principles and athlete will do to help with recovery

Answer 24

1. warm up
2. active recovery
3. cooling aids
4. intensity of training
5. Work:Relief ratios
6. strengths and tactics
7. nutrition

Question 25

What will high intensity training do?

Answer 25

Increase muscle mass, ATP and PC storage which boost the efficeny of the fast component
Increase tolerane to lactic acid increasing the buffering capacity
Delay OBLA reducing the demand for the slow component

Question 26

What will low-moderate intensity training do?

Answer 26

Increase aerobic capacity, delaying OBLA and maximise oxygen delivery during EPOC