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PE Paper 1 > Circulatory system > Flashcards

Circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

Name the path of blood from the body to the lungs

A

Body - vena cava - RA - tricuspid valve - RV - semi lunar valve - pulmonary artery - Lungs

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2
Q

Name the path of blood from the lungs to the body

A

Lungs - pulmonary vein - LA - bicuspid valve - LV - semi lunar valve - aorta - Body

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3
Q

Describe the conduction system

A
  1. SA node generates electrical impulse and fires it through the wall of the atria causing them to contract
  2. The AV node collects and delays impulse. Atria finishes contracting and releases impulses
  3. The Bundle of His splits the impulse into 2
  4. The bundle branches carries the impulse to the base of each ventricle
  5. The Purkinje fibres distributes the impulse through the ventricle walls causing them to contract
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4
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole (0.5 seconds)
Systole (0.3 seconds)
- atrial systole
- ventricular systole

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5
Q

What happens during the diastole stage?

A

The atria and ventricles relax decreasing the pressure.
Blood passively flows through atria into ventricles
AV valves = open
SL valves = closed

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6
Q

What happens during atrial systole?

A

Atria contracts
Blood flows into ventricles
AV valves = open
SL valves = closed

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7
Q

What happens during ventricular systole?

A

Ventricles contract
Blood leaves heart
AV valves = closed
SL valves = open

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8
Q

Define heart rate

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute

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9
Q

What is the resting heart rate for trained and untrained individuals?

A

Trained = 50bpm
Untrained = 72 bpm

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10
Q

What is the sub maximal heart rate for trained and untrained individuals?

A

Trained = 95 - 120 bpm
Untrained = 100-130 bpm

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11
Q

What is the maximal heart rate for trained and untrained individuals?

A

220 - age

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12
Q

Define stroke volume

A

Volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per beat
Increased venous return results in an increased stroke volume (increased stretch of ventricles results in an increased contraction force)

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13
Q

What is the resting stroke volume for trained and untrained individuals?

A

Trained = 100ml
Untrained = 70ml

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14
Q

What is the sub maximal stroke volume for trained and untrained individuals?

A

Trained = 160-200ml
Untrained = 100-120ml

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15
Q

What is the maximal stroke volume for trained and untrained individuals?

A

Trained = 160-200ml
Untrained = 100-120ml

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16
Q

Define cardiac output

A

Volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per minute
Heart rate X Stoke volume = cardiac output

17
Q

What is the resting cardiac output for trained and untrained individuals?

A

Trained = 5 l/min
Untrained = 5 l/min

18
Q

What is the sub maximal cardiac output for trained and untrained individuals?

A

Trained = 15-20 l/min
Untrained = 10-15 l/min

19
Q

What is the maximal cardiac output for trained and untrained individuals?

A

Trained = 30-40 l/min
Untrained = 20-30 l/min

20
Q

What regulates heart rate?

A

Cardiac control centre

21
Q

How is heart rate increased?

A

Increases stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system via the cardiac accelerator nerve

22
Q

How is heart rate decreased?

A

Vagus nerve sends impulse to the parasympathetic nervous system

23
Q

What tells the CCC what to do?

A

Control mechanisms

24
Q

Name and explain neural control mechanisms

A

Proprioceptors = detect movement
Chemoreceptors = detect chemical changes (pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide & lactic acid)
Baroreceptors = detect stretch of blood pressure walls and blood pressure

25
Q

Name and explain intrinsic control mechanisms

A

Temperature = changes in blood viscosity and nerve transmission speed
Venous return = changes in the stretch of vessel walls and force of contraction

26
Q

Name and explain hormonal control mechanisms

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline = increased in SR and HR

27
Q

Describe the features of arteries and arterioles

A

Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to muscles
Smooth muscle
Elastic tissue
Increase pressure
Pre capillary sphincters to control blood flow

28
Q

Describe the features of vein and venules

A

Carry deoxygenated blood from the muscles to heart
Thin walls
Smooth muscle
Decrease pressure
Pocket valves

29
Q

Describe the features of capillaries

A

One cell thick
Gaseous exchange
Capillary - tissue = oxygen
Tissue - capillary = carbon dioxide

30
Q

What is venous return?

A

The return of blood to the right atria

31
Q

Explain the venous return mechanisms

A

Gravity: blood above the heart aided by gravity
Muscle pump: contraction of skeletal muscle around veins pushes blood
Respiratory pump: pressure differences between the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity pushes blood back to the heart
Smooth muscle: venoconstriction of veins
Pocket valves: ensures blood flows in one direction

32
Q

Describe the vascular shunt mechanism at rest

A

Arterioles to organs vasodilate
Arterioles to muscles vasoconstrict
Pre capillary sphincters to organs open
Pre capillary sphincters to organs close

33
Q

Describe the vascular shunt mechanism during exercise

A

Arterioles to organs vasoconstrict
Arterioles to muscles vasodilate
Pre capillary sphincters to organs close
Pre capillary sphincters to organs open

34
Q

What controls the opening and closing of the pre-capillary sphincters?

A

Vasomotor control centre

35
Q

What control mechanisms send information to the VCC?

A

Chemoreceptors
Baroreceptors

36
Q

How does vasoconstriction occur?

A

Increased sympathetic stimulation (high impulse rate)

37
Q

How does vasodilation occur?

A

Decreased sympathetic stimulation (low impulse rate)

38
Q

Describe what happens to the VCC at rest

A

Increased sympathetic stimulation to muscles
Decreased sympathetic stimulation to organs
Blood pressure and carbon dioxide decrease
Oxygen and pH increases

39
Q

Describe what happens to the VCC during exercise

A

Increase sympathetic stimulation to organs
Decrease sympathetic stimulation to muscles
Blood pressure and carbon dioxide increase
Oxygen and pH decrease

PE Paper 1 (10 decks)

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