Energetics Flashcards
What is dephosphorylation?
The removal of a phosphate group from an organic compound through hydrolysis.
What is deamination?
The removal of an amino group from a molecule.
What is Starch?
A polysaccharide.
Simple carbohydrate formula?
C H2 O.
Where does beta oxidation take place?
In the Mitochondria.
Beta Oxidation is…
a catabolic process where molecules are broken down in the cytosol to generate acetyl-CoA,
What is myoglobin?
an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates.
What enzyme facilitates hydrolysis?
ATPase.
What does ATPase do?
breaks down ATP into ADP and free phosphate ion, releasing energy.
How is glucose stored in muscle?
Insulin.
What is Insulin?
a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets.
How is glucose transported in a cell?
through facilitated diffusion.
Facilitated diffusion is…
the passive movement of molecules across the cell membrane via the aid of a membrane protein.
What is it called when a electron is gained…
Reduction.
What is reduction?
the loss of oxygen atom from a molecule or the gaining of one or more electrons.
The optimal temperature for enzymes is?
37.5/40 Degrees C. (around temp of human).
A cell boundary is made up of…
plasma membrane.
Cell membrane is…
selectively permeable, permeable to specific molecules that a cell needs.
Molecules that defuse through the lipid bilayer…
02 + CO2.
What is the lipid bilayer?
a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules, continues barriers around all cells.
Name for when a lipid soluble molecule passes through cell membrane…
Diffusion.
ATP produced in complete aerobic oxidation (respiration)…
36atp.
Glycogenolysis is…
the breakdown of glycogen to glucose phosphate and glycogen
Acidosis is…
a process causing increased acidity in the blood and other body tissues (i.e., an increased hydrogen ion concentration).
What is the kerb cycle? (citric acid cycle)
is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Electron transport takes place in…
the inner membrane layer of the mitochondria.
Role of ATP?
major energy currency of the a cell, used as the main energy source for metabolic functions.
The cori cycle is? (aka Lactic acid cycle)
lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is metabolized back to lactate.
Glycolysis takes place in the
cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm is…
the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.
Hydrolysis is…
the separation of water molecules into the constituent hydrogen and oxygen atoms with electricity.
What is the RER value when carbohydrates are predominantly used?
1.00 or above.
What is the RER value when fats are predominantly used?
0.70.
What is the RER value when fats and carbs mix for energy?
0.85.
Organelle responsible for dealing with foreign bodies ?
lysosome or peroxisome.
What name is given to a substance made up of only one type of atom?
element.
The combination of atoms that form the smallest particle of a substance that can take place in a chemical reaction…
molecule.
Bond where electrons are shared
covalent.
Amount of free energy released in ATP hydrolysis…
31 kj/mole.
Bond where electrons are donated…
ionic bond.
What is an ion?
a charged atom.
What does oxides mean?
lose electrons, lose hydrogen, gain oxygen.
SI unit stands for…
standard international/system international.
RMR stands for…
resting metabolic rate.
BMR stands for…
basal metabolic rate.
TEF stands for…
thermic effect of food.
DIT stands for…
diet induced thermogenesis.
TEA stands for…
thermic effect of activity.
PAL stands for…
physical activity level.
RER stands for…
respiratory exchange ratio.
Factors that influence BMR/RMR?
age, sex and body size.
‘Gold Standard’ method used to estimate free-living energy expenditure?
Doubly labeled water.
What is the most variable contributor to total daily energy expenditure?
thermic effect of activity.
The primary functions of polysaccharides are?
storage, structure and energy.
What is the molecular formula for glucose?
C6 H12 O6.
Sucrose is a disaccharide consisting of?
glucose and fructose.
Compounds with carbohydrates along with fatty acids are called…
glycolipids.
Lipids are important constituents of…
biological membranes.
Which of the following is not a derivative of cholesterol?
Steroid hormones
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Bile salts
vitamin E.
Amino acids are multifunctional compounds that contain
Carboxyl and amine groups
Aldehyde and amide groups
Ester and amine groups
Carboxyl and amide groups
carboxyl and amine groups
Amino acids are named based on the identity of their:
Alpha carbon
Hydroxyl group
Side chain
Carboxyl group
side chain.
The forces that hold the subunits together in a quaternary structure are _________________________ those involved in tertiary structures
The same as
Greater than
Less than
The opposite of
the same as.
