Endokrinologie Flashcards

1
Q

Klinik des Cushing-Syndroms

A
  • typischer Habitus: Stammfettsucht, Stiernacken, Striae rubrae, Hirsutismus
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Hypertonie
  • Osteoporose
  • Adynamie
  • depressive Stimmungslage
  • Blutungsneigung
  • geschwächte Abwehrlage: Lymphopenie bei Leukozytose
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2
Q

Klassifikation des Cushing-Syndroms

A

ACTH-abhängiges Cushing-Sydrnom (sekundäres Cushing-Syndrmo)

  • ACTH-sezernierendes Hypophysenadenom (Morbus Cushing)
  • hypothylamischer CRH-Exzess
  • ektopes ACTH-Syndrom
  • alkoholinduziertes Cushing-Syndrom (Pseudo-Cushing-Syndrom)

ACTH-unabhängiges Cushing-Syndrom (primäres Cushing-Syndrom)

  • NNR-Adenom oder - kazrinom
  • primäre pigmentierte noduläre adrenokortikale Krankheit (PPNAD)
  • bilaterale makronoduläre NNR-Hyperplasie
  • nahrungsmittel- oder medikamenteinduziertes Cushing-Syndrom
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3
Q

Diagnostik bei Cushing-Syndrom

A
  1. Bestätigung des Hyperkortisolismus: Plasma-Kortisol > 3 µg/dL bzw. Speichel-Kortisol > 1 ng/mL
  2. Hyperalimentation vs. Cushing-Syndrom –> Dexa-Kurztest, Cortisol < 2 µg/dL –> suffiziente Suppression
    FALSCH-POSITIVE Ergebnisse im Dexa-Kurztest
    - Kontrazeptiva (Ethinylestradiol induziert Bildung von Transcortin (Corticoid-binding Globulin) –> Gesamt-Cholesterol erhöht, freies Cortisol normal
    - Antiepileptika (CYP3A4-Induktoren), schnellere Metabolisierung von Dexamethason
    - Depression
    - Alkoholismus
  3. Identifikation der Ursache:
    ACTH im Plasma
    CRH-Test –> ACTH, Cortisol
    Dexa-Langtest –> Cortisol
  4. Lokalisationsdiagnostik:
    - ACTH-Quotient zw. Sinus petrosus inferior und VJI
    - CT-Thorax bzw. Octreotid-Szintigraphie
    - MRT Abdomen
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4
Q

Welche Hormone werden beim Phäochromozytom ausgeschüttet?

A
  • NNM: Adrenalin und Noradrenalin

- sympathische Ganglien: Noradrenalin

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5
Q

Klinik des Phäochromozytoms?

A

Entdeckt:

  • meistens bei der Abklärung der therapieresistenten Hypertonie
  • gelegentlich als Zufallsbefund bei einer OP, intraoperativ hypertensive und tachykarde Krisen
  • arterielle Hypertonie: 90%
  • Arrhythmien, Tachykardien, Palpitationen
  • Unruhe, Kopfschmerzen, Schweißausbrüche, Tremor, Sehstörungen, Dyspnoe
  • Hypermetabolismus, Hyperglykämie, Glukosurie
  • Übelkeit, Erbrechen

H-Trias bei Phäochromozytom: Hypertonie, Hyperglykämie, Hypermetabolismus

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6
Q

Therapie des Phäochromozytoms

A
  • elektive Entfernung
  • 14 Tage präoperativ irreversibler Alphablocker Phenoxybenzamin und Propranolol
  • nach der Entfernung reflektorische Hypotonie/Bradykardie –> vorübergehend Katecholaminpflichtigkeit
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7
Q

Sodium correction for Hyperglycemia

A
Hyperglycemia-induced hyponatremia due to extracelluar fluid shift
Corrected Sodium (Hillier, 1999) = Measured sodium + 0.024 * (Serum glucose - 100)
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8
Q

Prophylaxis of neonatal GBS infection

A

Indication
Maternal GBS colonization
Determined via culture of vaginal and rectal swabs
Indicated between 36 0/7 – 37 6/7 weeks’ gestation [5]
Anytime GBS bacteriuria occurs during pregnancy or if a previous newborn had a GBS infection
The presence of risk factors (e.g., chorioamnionitis, fever, ↑ CRP, premature contractions, PROM)
Medication
Intrapartum IV penicillin G or ampicillin (readminister every 4 hours until delivery)
If previous mild penicillin reaction: IV cefazolin
If severe penicillin allergy: clindamycin

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9
Q

Pathophysiologie von Schilddrüsenerkrankungen

A
  • Zyste: Involution der follikulären Adenome
  • Adenome: Gain-of-function von TSH-Rezeptor
  • Hyperplasie: persistierende TSH-Stimulation und heterogene Schilddrüsenhyperplasie
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10
Q

vHL

A

In all patients with VHL disease older than 11 years, MRI of the brain and spine to screen for CNS hemangioblastoma is recommended at the time of diagnosis and biennially (i.e., every 2 years) if the initial MRI is normal. Hemangioblastomas, which are the most common tumors associated with VHL disease, most frequently occur in the cerebellum, brainstem, spine, and retina. CNS hemangioblastomas are the main cause of death in patients with VHL disease. Further manifestations of VHL disease include bilateral renal cell carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, endolymphatic sac tumors, renal, pancreatic, and/or adrenal cysts, and cystadenomas. Active surveillance guidelines that take into account the typical age of onset of associated lesions ensure early detection of these conditions. In a patient diagnosed with VHL disease, additional screening modalities include annual eye examination and blood pressure measurement from infancy, annual plasma/urinary metanephrines measurement starting at age 5 years, a biennial audiogram starting at age 11 years, biennial abdominal MRI starting at age 15 years, and a one-time MRI of the internal auditory canal in patients older than 15 years.

Any patient presenting with CNS or retinal hemangioblastoma before the age of 50 years should undergo testing for VHL disease.

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