Endocrinology Flashcards
0
Q
What is apoptosis?
A
Programmed cell death, quiet, no inflammation, nucleus gides it=> destroyed last.
1
Q
What is necrosis?
A
Non programmed cell death, noisy, inflammation, nucleus destroyed first.
2
Q
What is pyknosis?
A
Nucleus turns into blebs
3
Q
What is karyorexis?
A
Nucleus fragments
4
Q
What is karyolyisis?
A
Nucleus dissolves
5
Q
What is a somatotroph?
A
GH
6
Q
Whai is a gonadotroph?
A
LH, FSH
7
Q
What is a thyrotrophe?
A
TSH
8
Q
What is a corticotroph?
A
ACTH
9
Q
What is a lactotroph
A
PRL
10
Q
What receptors do protein hormones use?
A
Cell membrane receptors
11
Q
What receptors do steroid hormones use?
A
Nuclear membrane receptors
12
Q
What are the steroid hormones?
A
PET CAD ( thyroid hormone acts like a steroid) Progesterone E2 Testosterone Cortisol Aldosterone Vid D
13
Q
What does endocrine mean?
A
Secretion into blood
14
Q
What does exocrine mean?
A
Secretion into non blood
15
Q
What is autocrine?
A
Works on itself
16
Q
What is paracrine?
A
Work’s in it’s neighbor
17
Q
What is merocrine?
A
Cell is maintsined=> exocytosis
18
Q
What is apocrine?
A
Apex of the cell is secreted
19
Q
What is holocrine?
A
The whole cell is secreted
20
Q
What oragns do not require insulin?
A
BRICKLE Brain RBC Intestine Cardiac, Cornea Kidney Liver Exercising muscle
21
Q
What does GnRH do?
A
Stimulates LH, FSH
22
Q
What does GRH do?
A
Srimulates GH
23
Q
What does CRH do?
A
Stimulates ACTH
24
What does TRH?
Stimulates TSH
25
What does PRH do?
Stimulates PRL
26
What does DA do?
Inhibits PRL
27
What does SS do?
Inhibits GH
28
What does ADH do?
Conserves water, vasoconstricts
29
What does oxytocin do?
Milk let down, baby let down
30
What does GH do?
IGF-1 release from liver
31
What does TSH do?
T3, T4, release form the thyroid
32
What does LH do?
Testosterone release form testis, E2 and Progesterone release from ovary
33
What does FSH do?
Sperm or egg growth
34
What does PRL do?
Milk production
35
What does ACTH do?
Cortisol release form the adrenal gland
36
What does MSH do?
Skin pigmentation
37
What are the stress hormones?
```
Epi: immediate
Glucagon: 20 mins
Imsulin: 30 mins
ADH: 30 mins
Cortisol: 2-4hrs
GH: 24hrs
```
38
What does ADH do?
Concentrates urine
39
What is diabetes insipidus?
Too little ADH=> urinate a lot
40
What is Central DI?
Brain not making ADH
41
What is nephrogenic DI?
Blocks ADH receptor, can be caused bi Li and Domecocycline
42
What does water deprovation test tell you?
Water deprivaton=> DI
| Fails to concentrate urine
43
What does giving DDAVP tell you?
DDAVP=> central DI
| concentrates >25%
44
What is SIADH.
Too much ADH=> expand plasma vol=> pee Na
45
What is defference between DI and SIADH?
DI has dilute urine
| SIADH has concentrated urine
46
What is psychogenic polydipsia?
Pathologic water drinking => low plasma osmolarity
47
What does Aldosterone do?
Reabsorbs Na, secretes H/K
48
What is Neuroblastoma?
Adrenal medulla tumor in kids, dancing eyes and feet, secretes catecholamines
49
What is Pheochromocytoma?
Adrenal medulla tumor in adults, 5 P's
50
What does the zona glomerulosa make?
Aldosterone
51
What does the zona fasciculata make?
Cortisol
52
What does the zona reticularis make?
Androgens
53
What is Conn's sydrome?
High aldo (tumor), Captopril test makes it worse
54
What does ANP do?
Inhibits Aldo, dilated renal artery (afferent arteriole)
55
What does Calcitonin do?
Inhibits osteclasts=> low serum Ca
56
What is MEN I?
Wermers: pancreas, pituitary, parathyroid adenoma (high gastrin)
57
What is MEN II?
Sipple's: pheo, medullary thyroid cancer, PTH
58
What is MEN III?
MEN IIB: pheo, medullary thyroid cancer, oral/ GI neuromas or gliomas
59
What does CCK do?
Gallbladder contraction, bile release
60
What does Cortisol do?
Gluconeogenesis by protelysis => thin skin
61
What is Addison's disease?
Autoimmune destuction of adrenal cortex=> hyperpigmentation, increase ACTH
62
What is Waterhouse Friedrichsen?
Adrenal hemorrhage
63
What is Cushing's syndrome?
High cortisol (pituitary tumor or adrenal tumor or small celllung ca)
64
What is Cushing's disease?
High ACTH (pituitary tumor)
65
What is Nelson syndrome?
Hyperpigmentation after adrenelectomy
66
If the low dose dexamethasone test suppresses, what does that tell you?
Normal, obese or depressed
67
If the low dose dexamethasone test does not suppress, what does that mean?
Cushing's=> do high dose
68
Of the high dose dexamethasone test suppresses, what does that tell you?
Pituitary tumor=> ACTH( call brain surgeon)
69
If the high dose dexamethasone test does not suppress, what does that tell you?
Adrenal adenoma=> Cortisol
Small cell lung cancer=> ACTH
70
What are the survival hormones?
Corisol: permissive under stress
TSH: permissive under normal
71
What does epinephrine do?
Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis
72
What does erythropoietin do?
Makes RBC's
73
What does Gastrin do?
Stimulates parietal cells => IF, H
74
What does Growth hormone do?
Growth, sends somatomedin to growth plates, gluconeogesis by proteolysis
75
What is pygmie?
No somatomedin receptor
76
What is Achondroplasia?
Abnormal FGF receptors in extremities
77
What is a midget?
Decresed somatomedin receptod sensitivity
78
What is Achromegaly
Adult bones stretch, coarse facial features, large forrowed tongue, deep husky voice, jaw protrusion, increased IGF-1, bc of GH tumor
79
What is gigantism?
Childhood acromegaly
80
What does GIP does?
Enhances insulin action=> post prandial hypoglycemia
81
What does Glucagon do?
Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, ketogenesis
82
What does Insulin do?
Pushes glucose into cells
83
What is type I DM?
Anti-islet cell Ab, GAD Ab, Coxsckie B, low insulin, DKA, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
84
What is type II DM?
Insulin receptor insensitivity, high insulin, HONK, coma, acanthosis nigricans
85
How does DKA present?
Kussmaul respirations, fruity breath (acetone), altered mental status
86
What is the Dawn phenomenon?
Morning hyperglycemia secondary to GH
87
What is the Somogyi effect?
Morning hyperglycemia secondary to evening hypoglycemia
88
What is factitous hypoglycemia?
Insulin rejection (increase insulin, decrease C-peptide)
89
What is Insulinoma?
Tumor (increase insulin, increase C-peptide)
90
What is erythrasma?
Rash in the skin folds, coral red Wood's lamp
91
What is Syndrome X=Metabolis sydrome?
PreDM=> HTN, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, acanthosis nigricans
92
What are foot ulcers risk factors?
DM/Glycemic control
Male smoker
Bony abnormalities
Previous ulcers
93
What conditions cause weight gain?
```
Obesity,
Hypothyroidism
Depression
Cushing's
Anasarca
```
94
What does Motilin do?
Stimulates segmentation (primary peristalsis, MMC)
95
What does oxytocin do?
Milk ejection, baby ejection
96
What does PRL do?
Milk production
97
What does PTH do?
Chews up bone
98
What does Vit. D do?
Builds bone
99
What do parathyroid cheif cells secrete?
PTH
100
What do stomach cief cells secrete?
Pepsin
101
What is the difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine?
NE: neurotransmitter
Epi: hormone
102
What is hyperparathyroidism?
Parathyroid adenoma
103
What is secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Renal failure
104
What is familial hypercalciuria?
Decrease Ca excretion
105
What if both serum Ca and PO4 decrease?
Vit. D deficiency
106
What if serum Ca and PO4 change in oppsite directions?
PTH problem
High Ca=> hyperPTH
Low Ca=> hypoPTH
107
What is the most common cause of hypoparathyroidism?
Thyroidectomy
108
What is pseudohypoparathyroidism?
Bad kidney receptor, decrease urinary cAMP
109
What is pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism?
G-protein defect, no Ca problem
110
What is Hungry bone syndrome?
Remove PTH=> bone sucks in Ca
111
What does Secretin do?
Secretion of bicarb, inhibit gastrin, tighten pyloric sphincter
112
What does Somatostatin do?
Inhibits secretin, motilin, CCK
113
What do T3 and T4 do?
Growth, differentiation
114
What disease has exophthalmus?
Grave's
115
What disease has enophthalmus?
Horner's
116
Grave's
Exophthalmus, pretibila myxedema, TSHr Ab
117
De Quervain
Viral, painful jaw
118
Silent thyroiditis
Post partum
119
Plummer
Benign adenoma, old person
120
Jod-Basedow
Transient hyperthyroidism due to increase Insulin
121
What are the hyperthyroid diseases?
```
Graves
DeQuervain
Silent thyroiditis
Plummer
Jod-Basedown
```
122
What are the hypothyroid diseases?
```
Hashimoto
Reidel's struma
Cretinism
Euthyroid sick symdrome
Wolff-Chaikoff
```
123
Hashimoto's
Antimicrosomal Ab=> TPO Ab
124
Reidel's struma
Woody neck
125
Cretinism
Freaky features, hypothyroid Mom and baby
126
Euthyroid sick syndrome
Low T3 syndrome
127
Wolff-Chaikoff
Transient hypothyroidism
128
What is Plummer's syndrome?
Hyperthyroid adenoma
129
What is Plummer Vinson syndrome?
Esphageal webs
130
What does testosterone do?
Makes external male genitalia
131
What does Mullerian Inhibiyion Factor do?
Makes internal male genitalia
132
What do TPO and thymosin do?
Help T cells mature
133
What does VIP do?
Inhibits secretin, motilin, CCK
134
How does a VIPoma present?
Watery diarrhea
135
How does a SSoma present?
Constipation
136
What are the hormones with disulfide bonds?
```
PIGI
Prolactin
Inhibin
GH
Insulin
```
137
Which hormones have the same alpha subunit?
LH, FSH
TSH
BETA HCG
138
What hormones produce acidophils?
GAP
GH
PRL
139
What hormones produce basophils?
```
B FLAT
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
```
140
Which hormones have Tyrosine kinase as second messenger?
```
EPO
Testosterone
Insulin
T3 and T4
TPO, Thymosin
PRL
GH
```
141
Which hormones have IP3/DAG as second messenger?
ADH
CCK
Motilin
Oxytocin
142
Which hormones have cAMP as second messenger?
```
Epi
Glucagon
SS
Secretin
GIP
VIP
PTH
Calcitonin
```
143
Which hormones do not have second messenger?
Aldo
| Cotisol
144
What is the second messenger of ANP?
NO
145
What is the second messenger of Gastrin?
Ca
