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PPClues > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

0
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death, quiet, no inflammation, nucleus gides it=> destroyed last.

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1
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Non programmed cell death, noisy, inflammation, nucleus destroyed first.

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2
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

Nucleus turns into blebs

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3
Q

What is karyorexis?

A

Nucleus fragments

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4
Q

What is karyolyisis?

A

Nucleus dissolves

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5
Q

What is a somatotroph?

A

GH

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6
Q

Whai is a gonadotroph?

A

LH, FSH

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7
Q

What is a thyrotrophe?

A

TSH

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8
Q

What is a corticotroph?

A

ACTH

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9
Q

What is a lactotroph

A

PRL

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10
Q

What receptors do protein hormones use?

A

Cell membrane receptors

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11
Q

What receptors do steroid hormones use?

A

Nuclear membrane receptors

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12
Q

What are the steroid hormones?

A 
PET CAD ( thyroid hormone acts like a steroid)
Progesterone
E2
Testosterone
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Vid D
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13
Q

What does endocrine mean?

A

Secretion into blood

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14
Q

What does exocrine mean?

A

Secretion into non blood

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15
Q

What is autocrine?

A

Works on itself

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16
Q

What is paracrine?

A

Work’s in it’s neighbor

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17
Q

What is merocrine?

A

Cell is maintsined=> exocytosis

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18
Q

What is apocrine?

A

Apex of the cell is secreted

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19
Q

What is holocrine?

A

The whole cell is secreted

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20
Q

What oragns do not require insulin?

A 
BRICKLE
Brain
RBC
Intestine
Cardiac, Cornea
Kidney
Liver
Exercising muscle
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21
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

Stimulates LH, FSH

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22
Q

What does GRH do?

A

Srimulates GH

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23
Q

What does CRH do?

A

Stimulates ACTH

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24
Q

What does TRH?

A

Stimulates TSH

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25
Q

What does PRH do?

A

Stimulates PRL

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26
Q

What does DA do?

A

Inhibits PRL

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27
Q

What does SS do?

A

Inhibits GH

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28
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Conserves water, vasoconstricts

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29
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Milk let down, baby let down

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30
Q

What does GH do?

A

IGF-1 release from liver

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31
Q

What does TSH do?

A

T3, T4, release form the thyroid

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32
Q

What does LH do?

A

Testosterone release form testis, E2 and Progesterone release from ovary

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33
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Sperm or egg growth

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34
Q

What does PRL do?

A

Milk production

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35
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Cortisol release form the adrenal gland

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36
Q

What does MSH do?

A

Skin pigmentation

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37
Q

What are the stress hormones?

A 
Epi: immediate
Glucagon: 20 mins
Imsulin: 30 mins
ADH: 30 mins
Cortisol: 2-4hrs 
GH: 24hrs
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38
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Concentrates urine

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39
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

Too little ADH=> urinate a lot

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40
Q

What is Central DI?

A

Brain not making ADH

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41
Q

What is nephrogenic DI?

A

Blocks ADH receptor, can be caused bi Li and Domecocycline

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42
Q

What does water deprovation test tell you?

A

Water deprivaton=> DI

Fails to concentrate urine

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43
Q

What does giving DDAVP tell you?

A

DDAVP=> central DI

concentrates >25%

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44
Q

What is SIADH.

A

Too much ADH=> expand plasma vol=> pee Na

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45
Q

What is defference between DI and SIADH?

A

DI has dilute urine

SIADH has concentrated urine

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46
Q

What is psychogenic polydipsia?

A

Pathologic water drinking => low plasma osmolarity

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47
Q

What does Aldosterone do?

A

Reabsorbs Na, secretes H/K

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48
Q

What is Neuroblastoma?

A

Adrenal medulla tumor in kids, dancing eyes and feet, secretes catecholamines

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49
Q

What is Pheochromocytoma?

A

Adrenal medulla tumor in adults, 5 P’s

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50
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa make?

A

Aldosterone

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51
Q

What does the zona fasciculata make?

A

Cortisol

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52
Q

What does the zona reticularis make?

A

Androgens

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53
Q

What is Conn’s sydrome?

A

High aldo (tumor), Captopril test makes it worse

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54
Q

What does ANP do?

A

Inhibits Aldo, dilated renal artery (afferent arteriole)

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55
Q

What does Calcitonin do?

A

Inhibits osteclasts=> low serum Ca

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56
Q

What is MEN I?

A

Wermers: pancreas, pituitary, parathyroid adenoma (high gastrin)

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57
Q

What is MEN II?

A

Sipple’s: pheo, medullary thyroid cancer, PTH

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58
Q

What is MEN III?

A

MEN IIB: pheo, medullary thyroid cancer, oral/ GI neuromas or gliomas

59
Q

What does CCK do?

A

Gallbladder contraction, bile release

60
Q

What does Cortisol do?

A

Gluconeogenesis by protelysis => thin skin

61
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Autoimmune destuction of adrenal cortex=> hyperpigmentation, increase ACTH

62
Q

What is Waterhouse Friedrichsen?

A

Adrenal hemorrhage

63
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

High cortisol (pituitary tumor or adrenal tumor or small celllung ca)

64
Q

What is Cushing’s disease?

A

High ACTH (pituitary tumor)

65
Q

What is Nelson syndrome?

A

Hyperpigmentation after adrenelectomy

66
Q

If the low dose dexamethasone test suppresses, what does that tell you?

A

Normal, obese or depressed

67
Q

If the low dose dexamethasone test does not suppress, what does that mean?

A

Cushing’s=> do high dose

68
Q

Of the high dose dexamethasone test suppresses, what does that tell you?

A

Pituitary tumor=> ACTH( call brain surgeon)

69
Q

If the high dose dexamethasone test does not suppress, what does that tell you?

A

Adrenal adenoma=> Cortisol

Small cell lung cancer=> ACTH

70
Q

What are the survival hormones?

A

Corisol: permissive under stress
TSH: permissive under normal

71
Q

What does epinephrine do?

A

Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis

72
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

Makes RBC’s

73
Q

What does Gastrin do?

A

Stimulates parietal cells => IF, H

74
Q

What does Growth hormone do?

A

Growth, sends somatomedin to growth plates, gluconeogesis by proteolysis

75
Q

What is pygmie?

A

No somatomedin receptor

76
Q

What is Achondroplasia?

A

Abnormal FGF receptors in extremities

77
Q

What is a midget?

A

Decresed somatomedin receptod sensitivity

78
Q

What is Achromegaly

A

Adult bones stretch, coarse facial features, large forrowed tongue, deep husky voice, jaw protrusion, increased IGF-1, bc of GH tumor

79
Q

What is gigantism?

A

Childhood acromegaly

80
Q

What does GIP does?

A

Enhances insulin action=> post prandial hypoglycemia

81
Q

What does Glucagon do?

A

Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, ketogenesis

82
Q

What does Insulin do?

A

Pushes glucose into cells

83
Q

What is type I DM?

A

Anti-islet cell Ab, GAD Ab, Coxsckie B, low insulin, DKA, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

84
Q

What is type II DM?

A

Insulin receptor insensitivity, high insulin, HONK, coma, acanthosis nigricans

85
Q

How does DKA present?

A

Kussmaul respirations, fruity breath (acetone), altered mental status

86
Q

What is the Dawn phenomenon?

A

Morning hyperglycemia secondary to GH

87
Q

What is the Somogyi effect?

A

Morning hyperglycemia secondary to evening hypoglycemia

88
Q

What is factitous hypoglycemia?

A

Insulin rejection (increase insulin, decrease C-peptide)

89
Q

What is Insulinoma?

A

Tumor (increase insulin, increase C-peptide)

90
Q

What is erythrasma?

A

Rash in the skin folds, coral red Wood’s lamp

91
Q

What is Syndrome X=Metabolis sydrome?

A

PreDM=> HTN, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, acanthosis nigricans

92
Q

What are foot ulcers risk factors?

A

DM/Glycemic control
Male smoker
Bony abnormalities
Previous ulcers

93
Q

What conditions cause weight gain?

A 
Obesity, 
Hypothyroidism
Depression
Cushing's
Anasarca
94
Q

What does Motilin do?

A

Stimulates segmentation (primary peristalsis, MMC)

95
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Milk ejection, baby ejection

96
Q

What does PRL do?

A

Milk production

97
Q

What does PTH do?

A

Chews up bone

98
Q

What does Vit. D do?

A

Builds bone

99
Q

What do parathyroid cheif cells secrete?

100
Q

What do stomach cief cells secrete?

101
Q

What is the difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

NE: neurotransmitter
Epi: hormone

102
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism?

A

Parathyroid adenoma

103
Q

What is secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Renal failure

104
Q

What is familial hypercalciuria?

A

Decrease Ca excretion

105
Q

What if both serum Ca and PO4 decrease?

A

Vit. D deficiency

106
Q

What if serum Ca and PO4 change in oppsite directions?

A

PTH problem
High Ca=> hyperPTH
Low Ca=> hypoPTH

107
Q

What is the most common cause of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Thyroidectomy

108
Q

What is pseudohypoparathyroidism?

A

Bad kidney receptor, decrease urinary cAMP

109
Q

What is pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism?

A

G-protein defect, no Ca problem

110
Q

What is Hungry bone syndrome?

A

Remove PTH=> bone sucks in Ca

111
Q

What does Secretin do?

A

Secretion of bicarb, inhibit gastrin, tighten pyloric sphincter

112
Q

What does Somatostatin do?

A

Inhibits secretin, motilin, CCK

113
Q

What do T3 and T4 do?

A

Growth, differentiation

114
Q

What disease has exophthalmus?

115
Q

What disease has enophthalmus?

A

Horner’s

116
Q

Grave’s

A

Exophthalmus, pretibila myxedema, TSHr Ab

117
Q

De Quervain

A

Viral, painful jaw

118
Q

Silent thyroiditis

A

Post partum

119
Q

Plummer

A

Benign adenoma, old person

120
Q

Jod-Basedow

A

Transient hyperthyroidism due to increase Insulin

121
Q

What are the hyperthyroid diseases?

A 
Graves
DeQuervain
Silent thyroiditis
Plummer
Jod-Basedown
122
Q

What are the hypothyroid diseases?

A 
Hashimoto
Reidel's struma
Cretinism
Euthyroid sick symdrome
Wolff-Chaikoff
123
Q

Hashimoto’s

A

Antimicrosomal Ab=> TPO Ab

124
Q

Reidel’s struma

A

Woody neck

125
Q

Cretinism

A

Freaky features, hypothyroid Mom and baby

126
Q

Euthyroid sick syndrome

A

Low T3 syndrome

127
Q

Wolff-Chaikoff

A

Transient hypothyroidism

128
Q

What is Plummer’s syndrome?

A

Hyperthyroid adenoma

129
Q

What is Plummer Vinson syndrome?

A

Esphageal webs

130
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Makes external male genitalia

131
Q

What does Mullerian Inhibiyion Factor do?

A

Makes internal male genitalia

132
Q

What do TPO and thymosin do?

A

Help T cells mature

133
Q

What does VIP do?

A

Inhibits secretin, motilin, CCK

134
Q

How does a VIPoma present?

A

Watery diarrhea

135
Q

How does a SSoma present?

A

Constipation

136
Q

What are the hormones with disulfide bonds?

A 
PIGI
Prolactin
Inhibin
GH
Insulin
137
Q

Which hormones have the same alpha subunit?

A

LH, FSH
TSH
BETA HCG

138
Q

What hormones produce acidophils?

139
Q

What hormones produce basophils?

A 
B FLAT
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
140
Q

Which hormones have Tyrosine kinase as second messenger?

A 
EPO
Testosterone
Insulin
T3 and T4
TPO, Thymosin
PRL
GH
141
Q

Which hormones have IP3/DAG as second messenger?

A

ADH
CCK
Motilin
Oxytocin

142
Q

Which hormones have cAMP as second messenger?

A 
Epi
Glucagon
SS
Secretin
GIP
VIP
PTH
Calcitonin
143
Q

Which hormones do not have second messenger?

A

Aldo

Cotisol

144
Q

What is the second messenger of ANP?

145
Q

What is the second messenger of Gastrin?

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