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PPClues > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common intracellular buffer?

A

Protiens

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2
Q

What is the most common extracellular buffer?

A

Bicarbonate

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3
Q

What is a Zwitterion?

A

A molecule with one neg and one pos end

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4
Q

What is the isoelectric point?

A

The pH at which there is no net charge.

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5
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in GlycolYsis?

A

PFK-1

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6
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

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7
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in the HMP shunt?

A

G6-PD

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8
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in glycogenesis?

A

Glycogen synthase

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9
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in FA synthesis?

A

AcCoa carboxylase

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10
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in Beta oxidation?

A

CAT-1

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11
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG Coa reductase

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12
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in Ketogenesis?

A

HMG Coa synthase

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13
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in purine synthesis?

A

PRPP synthase

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14
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in pyrimidine synthesis?

A

Asp trancarbomoylase

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15
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in TCA cycle?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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16
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in urea cycle?

A

CPS-1

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17
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in heme synthesis?

A

Delta Ala synthase

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18
Q

What are the catabolic pathways that create energy?

A

“ABC”
Acetyl Coa production
Beta oxidation
Citric acid cycle

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19
Q

What are the anabolic pathways that store energy?

A 
"EFGH"
ER
FA synthesis
Glycolysis
HMP shunt
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20
Q

What are anabolic and catabolic?

A 
HUG
Heme synthesis
Urea cycle
Gluconeogenesis
FA synthesis
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21
Q

What does an isomerase do?

A

Creates an isomer?

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22
Q

What does an epimerase do?

A

Creates an epimer, which differs around one chiral carbon

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23
Q

What does a mutase do?

A

Moves a side chain from one carbon to another (intrachain)

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24
Q

What does a transferase do?

A

Moves side chain from one substrate to another (interchain)

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25
Q

What does a kinase do?

A

Phosporylates using ATP

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26
Q

What does a phosphorylase do?

A

Phosphorylates using inorganic phsophate

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27
Q

What does a carboxylase do?

A

Forms C-C bonds (with ATP and Biotin)

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28
Q

What does a synthase do?

A

Consumes two substrates

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29
Q

What does a phosphatase do?

A

Breaks phosphate bonds

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30
Q

What does a hydrolase do?

A

Breaks bonds w/ water.

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31
Q

What does a lyase do?

A

Cuts C-C bonds w/ ATP

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32
Q

What does a dehydrogenase do?

A

Removes H w/ cofactor.

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33
Q

What does a thio do?

A

Breaks S bonds

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34
Q

What is diffusion?

A

From high to low concentration

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35
Q

What is active transport?

A

Goes against concentration gradient

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36
Q

What is zero order kinetics?

A

Metabolism independent of concentration

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37
Q

What is first order kinetics?

A

Contant drug percentage metabolism over time, depends on drug concentration.

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38
Q

What is efficacy?

A

Max effect regardless of dose (lower w/ non competitive antagonist)

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39
Q

What affects efficacy?

A

V max

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40
Q

What is potency?

A

Amount of drug needed to produce effect (loer w/ competitive antagonist)

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41
Q

What affects potency?

A

Km

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42
Q

What is EC50?

A

Conc of drug that produces 50% of maximal response

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43
Q

What is Kd?

A

Concentration of drug that binds 50% of receptors?

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44
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

Fights for active site, no change in Vmax, potency decreases.

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45
Q

What is non competitive inhibition?

A

Binds a regulatory site, no change in Km, efficacy decreases, decreases Vmax

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46
Q

What is endothermic reaction?

A

Consumes heat

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47
Q

What is exothermic reaction?

A

Gives off heat

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48
Q

What is peak level?

A

11.4 hrs after dose (too high= decrease dose)

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49
Q

What is the trough level?

A

2 hrs before dose (too high= give less often)

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50
Q

What is T 1/2?

A

Half life, the time it takes for the body to use half of the drug ingested.

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51
Q

What is Von Gierke?

A

G6Pase def, severe hypoglycemia, hpatosplenomegaly, lactic acidosis

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52
Q

What is the Pompe’s?

A

Cardiac alpha 1-4 glucosidase deficiency, die early

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53
Q

What is Cori’s?

A

Debranching enzyme deficiency, short branches of glycogen

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54
Q

Waht is Anderson’s?

A

Branching enzyme deficiency, long chains of glycogen

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55
Q

What is McArdles?

A

Muscle phosphorylase def, muscle cramps w/ excercise

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56
Q

What is essential fructosuria?

A

Fructokinase def, excrete fructose, still have hexokinase

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57
Q

What is fructosemia?

A

Frucotse intolerance (aldolase B def), liver damage

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58
Q

What does galactokinase def cause?

A

Cataracts

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59
Q

What does galactosemia cause?

A

Cataracts, mental retardation, liver damage

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60
Q

What does the citrate shuttle do?

A

FA transport out of the mitochondria

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61
Q

What does the carnitine shuttle do?

A

FA transport into the mitochondria

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62
Q

What lysosomal diseases have cherry red macula?

A

Tay-sachs, Neimann-Picks

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63
Q

What lysosomal diseases have gargoyle face?

A

Gaucher’s and Hurler’s

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64
Q

What is Tay-Sachs?

A

Hexoaminidase A defieciency, blindeness incoordination, dementia, lysosomes w/ onion skin, Jewish.

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65
Q

What is Sandhoff’s?

A

Hexoaminidase A/B def, loss of motor skills.

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66
Q

What is Gaucher’s?

A

Glucocerebrosidase def, macrophages loke like wrinkled tissue, MP, bone pain, femur necrosis.

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67
Q

What is Neimann Pick?

A

Sphyngomyelinase def, zebra bodies, foam cells

68
Q

What is Fabry’s?

A

Aplha-galactosidase def, corneal clouding, attacks baby’s kidneys, Xlinked Recessive.

69
Q

What is Krabbe’s?

A

Beta galactosidase def, globoid bodies

70
Q

What is Metachromatic leukodystrophy?

A

Arylsulfatase def, childhood MS, central and peripheral demyelination.

71
Q

What is Hunters?

A

Iduronidase def, milder form

72
Q

What is Hurler’s?

A

Iduronidate def, worse form, Hunter’s + aggressive behavior. Gargoyle facies.

73
Q

What is Lesch Nyhan?

A

(HGPRT def), gout, neuropathy, self mutilation

74
Q

What do white diaper crystals suggest?

A

Excess orotic acid

75
Q

What does biotin donate methyl groups for?

A

Carboxylation

76
Q

What does THF donate methyl groups for?

A

Nucleotides

77
Q

What does SAM donate methyl groups for?

A

All other reactions

78
Q

What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin?

A 
Hetetochromatine= tighttly coiled
Euchromatin= loose
79
Q

What are the purines?

A

A,G

80
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

C, U, T

81
Q

What is silent mutation?

A

Change leave the same amino acid

82
Q

What is point mutation?

A

Changes 1 base

83
Q

What is transition?

A

Changes one purine to another purine

84
Q

What is transversion?

A

Change one purine to a pyrimidine

85
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

Insert or delete one or two bases

86
Q

What is missensense mutation?

A

Mistaken amino acid substitution

87
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Early stop codon

88
Q

What a southern blot detect?

A

DNA

89
Q

What does a northern blot detect?

A

RNA

90
Q

What does a western blot detect?

A

Proteins

91
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A 
PVT TIM HALL
Phe
Val
Thr
Trp
Iso
Met
His
Arg
Lys
Leu
92
Q

What are the essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic and linolenic

93
Q

What are the acidic amino acids?

A

Glu and Asp

94
Q

What are the basic amino acids?

A

Lys, Arg

95
Q

What are the sulfur containing amino acids?

A

Cys, Met

96
Q

What are the O bonds amino acids?

A

Ser, Thr, Tyr

97
Q

What are the N bonds amino acids?

A

Asn, Gln

98
Q

What are the branched amino acids?

A

Leu, Iso, Val

99
Q

What are the aromatic amino acids?

A

Phe, Tyr, Trp

100
Q

What is the smallest amino acid?

A

Glycine

101
Q

What are the ketogenic amino acids?

A

Lys, Leu

102
Q

What are the ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids?

A

PITI

Phe, Iso, Thr, Trp

103
Q

What are the glucogenic amino acids?

A

All the rest

104
Q

What amino acids does trypsin cut?

A

Arg, Lys

105
Q

What amino acids does beta ME cut?

A

Cys, Met

106
Q

What amino acids does acid hydrolysis denatures?

A

Asn, Gln

107
Q

What amino acids does chemotrypsin cut?

A

Phe, Tyr, Trp

108
Q

What amino acid turns yellow on Nurhydrin reaction?

A

Proline

109
Q

What does carboxypeptidase cut?

A

Left of any amino acid

110
Q

What does aminopeptidase cut?

A

Right of N terminus

111
Q

What does CNBr cut?

A

Right of Met

112
Q

What does mercaptoethnol cut?

A

Right of cys and met

113
Q

What does elastase cut?

A

Gly, Ala, Ser

114
Q

What does alpha 1 AT do?

A

Inhibits trypsin from getting loose

115
Q

What is PKU?

A

Def of phenylalanine carboxylase, nutrasweet sensitivity, mental retardation, pale, blond, musty odor

116
Q

What is albinism?

A

Def os tyrosinase> Decrease melanin

117
Q

What is maple syrup urine disease?

A

Def in transport os branched chain amino acids, the leak out, urine smells like maple syrup

118
Q

What is homocystinuria?

A 
Def in cystathione synthase. Marphanoid features. look down. Crystalization in urine:
Cys
Ornithine
Lysine
Arg
119
Q

What is pellegra?

A 
Niacin def. 4 d's
dementia
dermatitis
diarrea
death
120
Q

What is Hartnup’s?

A

Presentation like pellegra, Trp in urine

121
Q

What causes anterior leg bowing?

A

Neonatal syphilis

122
Q

What causes lateral leg bowing?

A

Rickets Vit D

123
Q

What are the names of the B Vits?

A 
B1: Thiamine
B2: Riboflavin
B3: Niacin
B4:Lipoic acid
B5: Panthotenic acid
B6: Pyridoxine
B9: Folate
B12: Cyanocobalamine
124
Q

What does Vit A do?

A

Night vision, PTH cofactor, CSF production

125
Q

What does Vit B1 do?

A

Dehydrogeneses, tranketolase (PPP) cofactors

126
Q

What does Vit B2 do?

A

FAD cofactor

127
Q

What does Vit B3 does?

A

NAD cofactor

128
Q

What does Vit B4 do?

A

Glycolysis, no known diseases

129
Q

What does Vit B5 do?

A

Part of AcetylCoa, no known diseases

130
Q

What does Vit B6 do?

A

Transaminase cofactor, myelin integrity

131
Q

What does Vit B9 do?

A

Nuclear division

132
Q

What does Vit B12 do?

A

Cofactor for HMT and MMM

133
Q

What dos Vit C do?

A

Collagen synthesis, tissue antioxidant

134
Q

What does Vit D does?

A

Mineralization of bone and teeth

135
Q

What does Vit K do?

A

Clotting

136
Q

What does Biotin does?

A

Carboxylation

137
Q

What does Ca do?

A

Neuronal function, atrial depolarization, skeletal muscle contracion

138
Q

What does Cu do?

A

Collagen synthesis?

139
Q

What does Fe do?

A

Hb function, electron transport

140
Q

What is bronze pigmentation?

A

Fe deposit in skin

141
Q

What is bronze cirrhosis?

A

Fe deposit in liver

142
Q

What is bronze diabetes?

A

Fe deposit in the pancreas

143
Q

What is hemosiderosis?

A

Fe deposit in organs

144
Q

What is hemochromatosis?

A

Fe deposit in organs

145
Q

What does Mg do?

A

PTH and kinase cofactor

146
Q

What is Zn do?

A

Taste buds, hair and sperm function

147
Q

What does Cr do?

A

Insulin function

148
Q

What does Mb do?

A

Purine breakdown (xanthine oxidase)

149
Q

What does Mn do?

A

Glycolysis

150
Q

What does Se do?

A

Heart function, dilated cardiomyopathy

151
Q

What does Sn do?

A

Hair

152
Q

What is Kwashiorkor?

A

Malabsorption, big belly (ascites), protein synthesis

153
Q

What is Marasmus?

A

Skinny, stravation, complete caloric deficiency

154
Q

Where does the Pre label send stuff to?

A

ER

155
Q

Where does the Pro label send stuff to?

A

Golgi

156
Q

Where does the Mannose-6-phosphate send stuff to?

A

Lysosome

157
Q

Where does the N-acetyl sequence send stuff to?

A

Mitochondria

158
Q

What are the 4 types of collagen?

A

Skin, bone, cartilage
Connective tissue, tendons, aqueous humor
Arteries
Basement membrane

159
Q

How does Scleroderma present?

A

Tight skin

160
Q

How does Ehlers Danlos present?

A

Hyperstrechable skin

161
Q

How does Marfan present?

A

Hyperextensible joints, arachnodactyly, wing span longer than height, aortic root dilation, aortic aneurysm, mitral valve prolapse, dislocated lens from bottom of eye= look up

162
Q

How does Homocystinuria present?

A

Dislocated lens from the top= look down. Cystathione synthase def

163
Q

How does kinky hair disease present?

A

Hair looks like copper wire (cu deficiency)

164
Q

How does scurvy present?

A

Bleeding gums and hair follicles

165
Q

How does takayasu arteritis present?

A

Asian female with very weak pulse

166
Q

How does Osteogenesis Imperfecta present?

A

Shattered bones, blue sclera

PPClues (8 decks)

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