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Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common intracellular buffer?

A

Protiens

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2
Q

What is the most common extracellular buffer?

A

Bicarbonate

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3
Q

What is a Zwitterion?

A

A molecule with one neg and one pos end

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4
Q

What is the isoelectric point?

A

The pH at which there is no net charge.

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5
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in GlycolYsis?

A

PFK-1

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6
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

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7
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in the HMP shunt?

A

G6-PD

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8
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in glycogenesis?

A

Glycogen synthase

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9
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in FA synthesis?

A

AcCoa carboxylase

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10
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in Beta oxidation?

A

CAT-1

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11
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG Coa reductase

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12
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in Ketogenesis?

A

HMG Coa synthase

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13
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in purine synthesis?

A

PRPP synthase

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14
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in pyrimidine synthesis?

A

Asp trancarbomoylase

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15
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in TCA cycle?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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16
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in urea cycle?

A

CPS-1

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17
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in heme synthesis?

A

Delta Ala synthase

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18
Q

What are the catabolic pathways that create energy?

A

“ABC”
Acetyl Coa production
Beta oxidation
Citric acid cycle

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19
Q

What are the anabolic pathways that store energy?

A 
"EFGH"
ER
FA synthesis
Glycolysis
HMP shunt
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20
Q

What are anabolic and catabolic?

A 
HUG
Heme synthesis
Urea cycle
Gluconeogenesis
FA synthesis
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21
Q

What does an isomerase do?

A

Creates an isomer?

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22
Q

What does an epimerase do?

A

Creates an epimer, which differs around one chiral carbon

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23
Q

What does a mutase do?

A

Moves a side chain from one carbon to another (intrachain)

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24
Q

What does a transferase do?

A

Moves side chain from one substrate to another (interchain)

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25
What does a kinase do?
Phosporylates using ATP
26
What does a phosphorylase do?
Phosphorylates using inorganic phsophate
27
What does a carboxylase do?
Forms C-C bonds (with ATP and Biotin)
28
What does a synthase do?
Consumes two substrates
29
What does a phosphatase do?
Breaks phosphate bonds
30
What does a hydrolase do?
Breaks bonds w/ water.
31
What does a lyase do?
Cuts C-C bonds w/ ATP
32
What does a dehydrogenase do?
Removes H w/ cofactor.
33
What does a thio do?
Breaks S bonds
34
What is diffusion?
From high to low concentration
35
What is active transport?
Goes against concentration gradient
36
What is zero order kinetics?
Metabolism independent of concentration
37
What is first order kinetics?
Contant drug percentage metabolism over time, depends on drug concentration.
38
What is efficacy?
Max effect regardless of dose (lower w/ non competitive antagonist)
39
What affects efficacy?
V max
40
What is potency?
Amount of drug needed to produce effect (loer w/ competitive antagonist)
41
What affects potency?
Km
42
What is EC50?
Conc of drug that produces 50% of maximal response
43
What is Kd?
Concentration of drug that binds 50% of receptors?
44
What is competitive inhibition?
Fights for active site, no change in Vmax, potency decreases.
45
What is non competitive inhibition?
Binds a regulatory site, no change in Km, efficacy decreases, decreases Vmax
46
What is endothermic reaction?
Consumes heat
47
What is exothermic reaction?
Gives off heat
48
What is peak level?
11.4 hrs after dose (too high= decrease dose)
49
What is the trough level?
2 hrs before dose (too high= give less often)
50
What is T 1/2?
Half life, the time it takes for the body to use half of the drug ingested.
51
What is Von Gierke?
G6Pase def, severe hypoglycemia, hpatosplenomegaly, lactic acidosis
52
What is the Pompe's?
Cardiac alpha 1-4 glucosidase deficiency, die early
53
What is Cori's?
Debranching enzyme deficiency, short branches of glycogen
54
Waht is Anderson's?
Branching enzyme deficiency, long chains of glycogen
55
What is McArdles?
Muscle phosphorylase def, muscle cramps w/ excercise
56
What is essential fructosuria?
Fructokinase def, excrete fructose, still have hexokinase
57
What is fructosemia?
Frucotse intolerance (aldolase B def), liver damage
58
What does galactokinase def cause?
Cataracts
59
What does galactosemia cause?
Cataracts, mental retardation, liver damage
60
What does the citrate shuttle do?
FA transport out of the mitochondria
61
What does the carnitine shuttle do?
FA transport into the mitochondria
62
What lysosomal diseases have cherry red macula?
Tay-sachs, Neimann-Picks
63
What lysosomal diseases have gargoyle face?
Gaucher's and Hurler's
64
What is Tay-Sachs?
Hexoaminidase A defieciency, blindeness incoordination, dementia, lysosomes w/ onion skin, Jewish.
65
What is Sandhoff's?
Hexoaminidase A/B def, loss of motor skills.
66
What is Gaucher's?
Glucocerebrosidase def, macrophages loke like wrinkled tissue, MP, bone pain, femur necrosis.
67
What is Neimann Pick?
Sphyngomyelinase def, zebra bodies, foam cells
68
What is Fabry's?
Aplha-galactosidase def, corneal clouding, attacks baby's kidneys, Xlinked Recessive.
69
What is Krabbe's?
Beta galactosidase def, globoid bodies
70
What is Metachromatic leukodystrophy?
Arylsulfatase def, childhood MS, central and peripheral demyelination.
71
What is Hunters?
Iduronidase def, milder form
72
What is Hurler's?
Iduronidate def, worse form, Hunter's + aggressive behavior. Gargoyle facies.
73
What is Lesch Nyhan?
(HGPRT def), gout, neuropathy, self mutilation
74
What do white diaper crystals suggest?
Excess orotic acid
75
What does biotin donate methyl groups for?
Carboxylation
76
What does THF donate methyl groups for?
Nucleotides
77
What does SAM donate methyl groups for?
All other reactions
78
What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin?
``` Hetetochromatine= tighttly coiled Euchromatin= loose ```
79
What are the purines?
A,G
80
What are the pyrimidines?
C, U, T
81
What is silent mutation?
Change leave the same amino acid
82
What is point mutation?
Changes 1 base
83
What is transition?
Changes one purine to another purine
84
What is transversion?
Change one purine to a pyrimidine
85
What is a frameshift mutation?
Insert or delete one or two bases
86
What is missensense mutation?
Mistaken amino acid substitution
87
What is a nonsense mutation?
Early stop codon
88
What a southern blot detect?
DNA
89
What does a northern blot detect?
RNA
90
What does a western blot detect?
Proteins
91
What are the essential amino acids?
``` PVT TIM HALL Phe Val Thr Trp Iso Met His Arg Lys Leu ```
92
What are the essential fatty acids?
Linoleic and linolenic
93
What are the acidic amino acids?
Glu and Asp
94
What are the basic amino acids?
Lys, Arg
95
What are the sulfur containing amino acids?
Cys, Met
96
What are the O bonds amino acids?
Ser, Thr, Tyr
97
What are the N bonds amino acids?
Asn, Gln
98
What are the branched amino acids?
Leu, Iso, Val
99
What are the aromatic amino acids?
Phe, Tyr, Trp
100
What is the smallest amino acid?
Glycine
101
What are the ketogenic amino acids?
Lys, Leu
102
What are the ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids?
PITI | Phe, Iso, Thr, Trp
103
What are the glucogenic amino acids?
All the rest
104
What amino acids does trypsin cut?
Arg, Lys
105
What amino acids does beta ME cut?
Cys, Met
106
What amino acids does acid hydrolysis denatures?
Asn, Gln
107
What amino acids does chemotrypsin cut?
Phe, Tyr, Trp
108
What amino acid turns yellow on Nurhydrin reaction?
Proline
109
What does carboxypeptidase cut?
Left of any amino acid
110
What does aminopeptidase cut?
Right of N terminus
111
What does CNBr cut?
Right of Met
112
What does mercaptoethnol cut?
Right of cys and met
113
What does elastase cut?
Gly, Ala, Ser
114
What does alpha 1 AT do?
Inhibits trypsin from getting loose
115
What is PKU?
Def of phenylalanine carboxylase, nutrasweet sensitivity, mental retardation, pale, blond, musty odor
116
What is albinism?
Def os tyrosinase> Decrease melanin
117
What is maple syrup urine disease?
Def in transport os branched chain amino acids, the leak out, urine smells like maple syrup
118
What is homocystinuria?
``` Def in cystathione synthase. Marphanoid features. look down. Crystalization in urine: Cys Ornithine Lysine Arg ```
119
What is pellegra?
``` Niacin def. 4 d's dementia dermatitis diarrea death ```
120
What is Hartnup's?
Presentation like pellegra, Trp in urine
121
What causes anterior leg bowing?
Neonatal syphilis
122
What causes lateral leg bowing?
Rickets Vit D
123
What are the names of the B Vits?
``` B1: Thiamine B2: Riboflavin B3: Niacin B4:Lipoic acid B5: Panthotenic acid B6: Pyridoxine B9: Folate B12: Cyanocobalamine ```
124
What does Vit A do?
Night vision, PTH cofactor, CSF production
125
What does Vit B1 do?
Dehydrogeneses, tranketolase (PPP) cofactors
126
What does Vit B2 do?
FAD cofactor
127
What does Vit B3 does?
NAD cofactor
128
What does Vit B4 do?
Glycolysis, no known diseases
129
What does Vit B5 do?
Part of AcetylCoa, no known diseases
130
What does Vit B6 do?
Transaminase cofactor, myelin integrity
131
What does Vit B9 do?
Nuclear division
132
What does Vit B12 do?
Cofactor for HMT and MMM
133
What dos Vit C do?
Collagen synthesis, tissue antioxidant
134
What does Vit D does?
Mineralization of bone and teeth
135
What does Vit K do?
Clotting
136
What does Biotin does?
Carboxylation
137
What does Ca do?
Neuronal function, atrial depolarization, skeletal muscle contracion
138
What does Cu do?
Collagen synthesis?
139
What does Fe do?
Hb function, electron transport
140
What is bronze pigmentation?
Fe deposit in skin
141
What is bronze cirrhosis?
Fe deposit in liver
142
What is bronze diabetes?
Fe deposit in the pancreas
143
What is hemosiderosis?
Fe deposit in organs
144
What is hemochromatosis?
Fe deposit in organs
145
What does Mg do?
PTH and kinase cofactor
146
What is Zn do?
Taste buds, hair and sperm function
147
What does Cr do?
Insulin function
148
What does Mb do?
Purine breakdown (xanthine oxidase)
149
What does Mn do?
Glycolysis
150
What does Se do?
Heart function, dilated cardiomyopathy
151
What does Sn do?
Hair
152
What is Kwashiorkor?
Malabsorption, big belly (ascites), protein synthesis
153
What is Marasmus?
Skinny, stravation, complete caloric deficiency
154
Where does the Pre label send stuff to?
ER
155
Where does the Pro label send stuff to?
Golgi
156
Where does the Mannose-6-phosphate send stuff to?
Lysosome
157
Where does the N-acetyl sequence send stuff to?
Mitochondria
158
What are the 4 types of collagen?
Skin, bone, cartilage Connective tissue, tendons, aqueous humor Arteries Basement membrane
159
How does Scleroderma present?
Tight skin
160
How does Ehlers Danlos present?
Hyperstrechable skin
161
How does Marfan present?
Hyperextensible joints, arachnodactyly, wing span longer than height, aortic root dilation, aortic aneurysm, mitral valve prolapse, dislocated lens from bottom of eye= look up
162
How does Homocystinuria present?
Dislocated lens from the top= look down. Cystathione synthase def
163
How does kinky hair disease present?
Hair looks like copper wire (cu deficiency)
164
How does scurvy present?
Bleeding gums and hair follicles
165
How does takayasu arteritis present?
Asian female with very weak pulse
166
How does Osteogenesis Imperfecta present?
Shattered bones, blue sclera

PPClues (8 decks)

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