Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

FHB > Endocrinology 2- Hormone Bioavailability > Flashcards

Endocrinology 2- Hormone Bioavailability Flashcards

1
Q

How can hormone transport affect bioavailability

A

How much is bound vs unbound (binding proteins), kinetics (half life and metabolism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can target tissues affect hormone bioavailability

A

Receptors (if there are any mutations, desensitization, half life issues, up or down regulation of the receptors); as well as chaperone and heat shock proteins that may be associated with the receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can hormone synthesis and release affect hormone bioavailability

A

Enzymatic activity; processing and packaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How regulatory mechanisms can affect hormone bioavailability

A

Feedback mechanisms, circadian rhythms, aging, pulsitility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is some information the classification of a hormone’s chemical makeup can tell you?

A

How the hormone is synthesized and released from the cell, how long a hormone is in circulation, how it travels in circulation (bound/unbound), the receptor type that will mediate the action, cellular signaling pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Usual half life of an amine hormone

A

2-3 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Two types of amine hormones (chemically speaking)

A

Catecholamines, indoleamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are Catecholamines (chemically speaking, what are they derived from)

A

Tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are indoleamines derived from chemically speaking

A

Tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the general half life of a peptide or protein hormone

A

Can vary - on avg 4-170 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

General half life of a steroid hormone

A

Minutes to several hours

Very helpful, thank you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tyrosine derived Catecholamines hormones include what 3 main players

A

Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the rate limiting step in Catecholamine biogenesis

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What 2 main body organs houses dopamine

A

Brain (substantia migraine, VTA, accurate nucleus), and adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In brain, what is the “endocrine” generator of dopamine

A

Arcuate nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction to generate norepinephrine

A

Dopamine b-hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is most norepinephrine generated

A

Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the nerve from SNS that innervates adrenal medulla to get NE/E?

A

Splanchnic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the cells in the adrenal medulla that make Epinephrine

A

Chromaffin cells (in adrenal medulla)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the major 2 indoleamines in the body

A

Serotonin and melatonin

21
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in indoleamine synthesis

A

Tryptophan hydroxylase

22
Q

What is the first step in indoleamine synthesis

A

AADC (aromatic L amino acid decarboxylase)

23
Q

Where is the majority of serotonin produced

A

Gut (enterochromaffin cells)

24
Q

What converts serotonin to melatonin (rate limiting step)

A

N-acetyltransferase

25
What is special about n-acetyltransferase
It is only active at night
26
How do we break down amine hormones? Two pathways
MAO (monoamine oxidase) and COMT (Catecholamines-o-methyltransferase)
27
MAO
Monoamine oxidase - removes an amine group, oxidative delaminating - get aldehyde instead of amine. Inactivates both Catecholamines and indoleamines
28
MAOI
MAOI’s are pharmaceutical drugs used to treat depression and anxiety disorders
29
COMT
Adds methyl group to allow substance to be metabolized, specific to catecholamine. This is inhibited by entacapone which is a Parkinson’s drug, to try to increase levels of dopamine.
30
Monoamine deaminating steps
1 - deamination, form aldehydes 2- aldehydes are converted to alcohol or metabolizes by aldehyde dehydrogenase or aldose reductase 3. DHPG is the primary metabolite in sympathetic nerves - major pathway for catecholamine metabolism
31
COMT methylation - steps
Major source of metanephrine and normetanephrine in adrenal gland - converts DHPG to MHPG which is a precursor of VMA — this is excreted into urine — if you have high Catecholamines especially. This is a good diagnostic tool to look for tumors
32
How are protein/peptide hormones first generated?
Preprohormone
33
What does a preprohormone consist of?
Signal peptide + hormone + additional copeptides
34
Where is the signal peptide cleaved
In the ER
35
Where are copeptides cleaved from prohormone
This is going to be cleaved in Golgi/sometimes within vesicles themselves
36
Where are steroid hormones made
Placenta, adrenal gland, testes, ovaries
37
21 carbon steroids include what 3 hormones
Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and progestins
38
19-carbon steroids include what hormones
Androgens
39
18-carbon steroid hormones includes
Estrogens
40
What is our body’s main secosteroid
Vitamin d | For dick
41
Precursor to all of our steroid hormones
Pregnenolone
42
What are the few instances we will see positive feedback
Parturition (childbirth) and lactation (suckling) — both of these include oxytocin Ovulation — LH stimulates estradiol in developing follicle, estradiol stimulates more LH, then release of OOcyte eventually stops loop
43
What is an endocrine axis?
A three tiered biological system made of hypothalamic neurons, anterior pituitary cells, and peripheral endocrine gland
44
What is a long feedback loop
Feedback of the molecule feeding back at pituitary or hypothalamic level
45
What is a short feedback loop
Molecule from pituitary goes back and feeds to hypothalamus to tell it to fucking stop
46
2 major types of negative feedback
Physiological response drive | Endocrine axis driven
47
Physiological response driven negative feedback
Endocrine gland releases hormone, hormone does its thing to target organ, physiology is changed, for example blood glucose, gland detects change in physiology and stops releasing as much hormone
48
Endocrine axis driven negative feedback
Peripheral organ releases a hormone and directly says “stop” to pituitary or hypothalamus, or pituitary feeds back to hypothalamus (long/short loops respectively) and this is what stops the cycle
49
What are some factors that affect circulating hormone levels
Age, body weight, time of day, male/female, diet

FHB (54 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions