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Anatomy 2 > Endocrine System and Reproductive histology > Flashcards

Endocrine System and Reproductive histology Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Main autonomic control center for the body, homeostasis
Regulates temp, food intake, water, sleep, behavior, endocrine
9 hormones
5 releasing hormones for anterior pituitary
2 inhibiting hormones for anterior pituitary
2 shipped and released by anterior pituitary

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2
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Hypophysis
Attached to hypothalamus via infundibulum
Sit on sella tunica of sphenoid bone or hypophyseal fossa
2 functional components
Anterior lobe: pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis
Posterior lobe: pars NERVOSA and infundibulum

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3
Q

Pars distalis

A

Cords of epithelial cells interspersed with fenestrated capillaries

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4
Q

Pars intermedia

A

Basophilic cells produce MSH, melanocytes stimulating hormone
Surrounds a series of collided filled follicles that are residual lumen from Rathkes pouch

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5
Q

Pars tuberalis

A

Forms collar around infundibulum and has cells with basophils gonadotropic cells

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6
Q

Pars NERVOSA

A

Neurosecretory axons and their endings
Transport hormones from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary
HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHSYEAL TRACT
Fibroblasts, mast cells, and pituicytes (glial cell like astrocytes most abundant)
Hormones: OXYTOCIN AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (vasopressin)
Hormones are stored in vesicles in dilated portions of axons near terminals HERRING BODIES, neurosecretory bodies
Herring bodies end in terminal buttons

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7
Q

Infundibulum

A

Bundle of axon from the hypothalamus

Contains neuroses retort axons forming the HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHSYEAL TRACT

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8
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

Work in a negative feedback loop with the hypothalamus via the hypothalamo hypophyseal portal system
1. Chromophils- 50% of pars distalis hormones stored in cytoplasmic granules
A. Basophils 10%
B. Aciophils 40%
2. Chromophobes - 50% almost no granules so they are undifferentiated reserve cells

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9
Q

Hypothalamus hormones transport

A

Neurosectretory neurons send hormones
Travel into the hypophyseal portal system at primary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system (fenestrated capillaries)
Travel via the hypophyseal portal veins into the secondary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system
Bringing the hormones to the cells of the pars distalis

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10
Q

Anterior pituitary chromophil

A

HGH- somatotropes, acidophil
TSH- thyrotropes, basophils
FSH- gonadotropes, basophils
LH- gonadotropes, basophils
Prolactin PRL- lactotropes, acidophil
Adrenocortictrophic hormone ACTH- corticotropes, basophils
Melanocytes stimulating MSH- corticotropes, basophils

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11
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone function

A

HGH- IGF insulin like growth factor, growth
TSH- secretion of thyroid hormones
FSH- iniates oocyte development and ovarian secretion of estrogen. In males testes produce sperm
LH- stimulates estrogen, progesterone, ovulation, formation of corpus luteum. In males stimulates testosterone production
PRL- promotes milk
ACTH- gluccorticoids secretion
MSH- Unknown role but darkens skin

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12
Q

Posterior pituitary hormone function

A

Oxytocin OT- released in response to uterine distention, stimulates smooth muscles of uterus and mammary glands
ADH or vasopressin- released in response to high blood pressure, dehydration, loss of blood….conserves body water and decrease urine

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13
Q

Pineal gland

A 
Hormone is melatonin, in Diencephalon 
Responsible for sleep cycle
2 cells
Pinealocytes or parenchymal cells - 95%
Interstitial cells- 5%

Characteristic presence of corpora arenacea or brain sand

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14
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Capsule around the gland
1. Cortex- large peripheral area 80% of gland, steroids

  1. Medulla- smaller area centrally located, catecholamine cells
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15
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa- mineralcorticoids =aldosterone
Zona fasiculata- steroids, cortisol =glucocorticoid
Zona reticularis- androgens= gonadocorticoids

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16
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Highly vascularized
Chromaffin cells
Epinephrine and norepinephrine = catecholamines
Small amount of dopamine
Receives preganglionic sympathetic axons straight to chromatic cells
-synapse directly on cells (different from every other)

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17
Q

Adrenal gland hormone function

A

Aldosterone- regulates water and ions for low blood pressure situations
Cortisol- regulates metabolism, suppresses immune, resistance to stress
Androgen- DHEA, early pubic growth
Catecholamines- intensify sympathetic response

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18
Q

Pancreas

A

Islets of langerhans
Beta cells- insulin
Alpha cells- glucagon
delta cells - somatostatin, or Growth hormone inhibiting hormone

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19
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Thyroid follicles surrounded by follicular cells (produce thyroglobulin or TGB)
T4- thyroxine
T3- Tri iodothyronine
Important in growth, cell differentiation, and metabolic rate
So increase oxygen consumption if metabolic increases
Make thyroglobulin as inactive form in the follicles
Parafollicular- C cells are large pale staining that produce calcitonin
CALCITONIN- decreases circulating calcium, increase osteoblasts

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20
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

2 cell types
Chief cells or principal cells- produce parathyroid hormone, small round cells central nucleus, larger amount
Oxyphil cells- larger cells very acidophilus, unknown function

PTH- increase calcium levels in the blood, increase ostesclasts

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21
Q

Components of male reproductive system

A

Testes
Passageways- straight tubules, rete testis, epidymis, vas deferens, ejectulatory duct, urethra, penis
-SREVEN UP
Accessory glands- seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland
Penis

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22
Q

Testes function

A

Endocrine with testosterone
Exocrine with sperm or spermatogenesis
1. Spermatogonial phase- undergo mitosis to make spematocytes
2. Spermatocyte phase-undergo meiosis 1-2
3. Spermatid phase- maturation, tail and body formation

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23
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A 
Lined with complex stratified epithelium
Area is lined with sperm or sperm cells that are waiting maturation
1. Sertoli cells or supporting cells
2. Spermatogenesis cells
- spermatogonia- 3 types
-primary spermatocytes
-secondary spermatocytes
- spermatids
24
Q

Testes layers

A 
Tunica vaginalis
Tunica albuginea
Septums
Seminiferous tubules
Straight tubules
Mediastinum testes
RETE testis
25
Q

Straight tubules

A

Lined with only Sertoli cells
Open into RETE testis
Cuboidal epithelium with under lying DCT

26
Q

Rete testis

A

Network of channels
Lined with cuboidal epithelium with DCT
Single apical cilium and few Microvilli

27
Q

Efferent ductules

A

Leads to head of epidymis
Lined with psuedostratified columnar epithelium, cilia
With groups of nonciliated cuboidal cells with Microvilli
Some smooth muscle

28
Q

Epidymis

A 
Highly coiled tube
Pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
-rounded basal cells
- columnar cells with Stereocilia or principal cells
Smooth muscle surrounds
4-5 meters
Maturation of sperm occurs
29
Q

Vas deferens

A

Psuedostratified columnar epithelium with sparse Stereocilia
3 layers of smooth muscle, longitudinal circular longitudinal
Ampulla- dilated area where epithelium is thicker and folded
Ejectulatory duct- ductus deferens in prostate gland after seminal vesicles join, no muscular layers

30
Q

Urethra

A

Prostatic- transitional epithelium
Membranous- stratified columnar or pseuodo
Spongy or penile- psuedostratified or stratified squamous

31
Q

Accessory glands

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate glands
Bulbourethral glands

32
Q

Seminal vesicles

A 
Simple columnar epithelium or pseudo
Rich in secretory granules
Joins with ampulla to make ejactulatory duct
Folds in lumen increase surface area
2 smooth muscle layers
Make 60% of fluid which is sugar based
33
Q

Prostate gland

A

30-50 tubuloaveolar glands in a muscular fiber stroma
Empties into prosthetic urethral
Contains prostatic concretions- deposited gags and glycoproteins
Fluid will activate sperm
Simple or pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

34
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

Cowper’s glands
Compound tubuloaveolar glands
Mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium
Empty into proximal penile urethra

35
Q

Penis

A

Paired corpora cavernosa
Single corpus spongiosum

Lined with psuedostratified columnar
Surrounded with DCT or the tunica albuginea

36
Q

Endocrine

A

Estrogen : growth

Progesterone : prepares the uterus for pregnancy and mammary glands for milk

37
Q

Exocrine

A

Produce ovum

38
Q

Ovary layers

A

Germinal epithelium
Tunica albuginea
Cortex- ovarian
Medulla- blood vessels and nerves

39
Q

Primordial germ cells

A

First month of fetal development migrate to gonadal ridge

Divide via mitosis

40
Q

Oogonia

A

Proliferate via mitosis
Undergo meiosis at third month
Enter prophase of meiosis one, stop

Arrested cells are primary pockets

41
Q

Primary oocytes

A

Surrounded by flattened cell called follicular cell

Creates primordial follicle

42
Q

3 types of follicles

A 
Primordial follicles
Growing follicles
- primary follicle: unilaminar or multilaminar
-secondary follicle
Mature or Graafian follicles
-will ovulate secondary oocytes
43
Q

Granulosa cells

A

Make up the stratum granulosum

Stratified epithelium around a Late or Multilayered primary follicle

Zone Pollucida forms at this point

44
Q

Theca folliculi

A

Is a sheath of connective tissue from strongly cells

Theca interna: secrete estrogen

Theca external: smooth muscle exterior

Both of these sit a top the basal lamina which is atop the follicular cells

45
Q

Secondary follicle

A

Follicular growth continued and a ANTRUM IS MADE

ANTRUM FOLLICLE

At this point granulosa cells form the corona radiata

Still has a primary oocyte arrested in prophase one

46
Q

Graafian follicle

A

Mature follicle
10 mm in diameter to 30 mm
Largest secondary follicle
Only 1 or 2 produces per month

Ovulation next to come
Will finish meiosis to become the secondary oocyte after ovulation

47
Q

Secondary oocyte

A

Will form when the Graafian follicle ovulated the oocyte

The oocyte will finish meiosis 1 and arrest at metaphase of meiosis 2

48
Q

Granulosa lutein cells

A

Granulosa cells after ovulation will grow

Form a blood clot

Begin to produce progesterone

49
Q

Theca lutein cells

A

Increase only slightly in size

Come from theca interna

Continue to produce estrogen

50
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Made of granulosa lutein cells and theca lutein cells

Basically a follicle after ovulation

Initially a corpus hemorrhagicum= blood clot

Degenerate in 10 days with no pregnancy

Degenerates in 9 months with pregnancy

51
Q

Uterine tube

A

Wall is folded mucosa and thick muscularis SM with serosa

Simple columnar epithelium
2 cells:
Ciliated columnar cells move oocyte
Secretory cells- peg cells produce nutritive fluid covering epithelium

52
Q

Uterus

A 
1. Perimetrium
Outermost serosa or adventitia
2. Myometrium
Middle smooth muscle
3. Endometrium
-Simple columnar epithelium with ciliated and pegg cells
-basal deep layer
-functional layer handles ovarian hormones
53
Q

Cervix

A

Narrow end of uterus

Endometrium differences:
Not sloughed in menstration
Contains cervical glands
Transformation zone- simple columnar to non keritanized squamous 
=squamocolumnar junction
54
Q

Vagina

A

Wall has mucosa, muscular, and adventitia

Nonkeritanized stratified squamous

Inner circular and out longitudinal muscle

55
Q

Mammary glands

A

Modified tubuloaveolar sweat glands
Secrete milk

Merocrine and apocrine mechanisms

Anatomy 2 (10 decks)

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