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BELLE MCAT Biology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary?

A

Anterior pituitary secretes:

  • GH
  • FSH
  • LH
  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • Endorphins
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2
Q

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

A

Posterior pituitary secretes:

  • Oxytocin
  • ADH
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3
Q

Which hormones are associated with calcium balance and what secretes them?

A

Hormones associated with Calcium balance:

  • PTH by parathyroid glands
  • Calcitriol by kidney
  • Calcitonin by C-Cells of Thyroid
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4
Q

Which hormones are associated with blood pressure and what secretes them?

A

Hormones associated with BP:

  • ANP from heart
  • ADH from posterior pituitary
  • Aldosterone from adrenal cortex
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5
Q

What signaling molecules are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

Catecholamines including epinephrine and norepinephrine

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6
Q

What signaling molecules are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

Catecholamines including epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Adrenal gland= salt sugar sex magic

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7
Q

What signaling molecules are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A

Corticosteroids including mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), and cortical sex hormones.
Adrenal gland= salt sugar sex magic

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8
Q

In response to hypoxia, what hormone will the kidney secrete?

A

Erythropoietin

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9
Q

True or False: Aldosterone is secreted by the pituitary

A

False, by the adrenal cortex

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10
Q

What is Aldosterone’s action?

A

Aldosterone acts on the DCT and the Collecting Duct. It increases the reabsorption of salt so it increases BP without diluting the blood

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11
Q

What us ADH’s action?

A

ADH acts only on the collecting duct. It recruites aquaporins so it increases blood volume while also diluting the blood

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12
Q

What is ADH’s action?

A

ADH acts only on the collecting duct. It recruits aquaporins so it increases blood volume while also diluting the blood

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13
Q

What is ANP’s action?

A

ANP increases Na excretion so it decreases BP without impacting osmolarity

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14
Q

What is secreted by the hypothalamus?

A
  • CRF
  • GnRH
  • GHRH
  • TRH
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15
Q

What does FSH act on in males and females?

A

In males, it acts on sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis, in females it stimulates ovarian follicles and increases estrogen?

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16
Q

Which part of the pituitary is under neuronal control?

A

Posterior

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17
Q

True or False: the pancreas is under control of the hypothalmic pituitary axis

A

False

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18
Q

Epi and Norepi are secreted by…

A

Adrenal Medulla

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19
Q

The hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which acts on cells of the…

A

CRH acts on the anterior pituitary, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released. ACTH then travels to the adrenal cortex, where it kick-starts the production of corticosteroids, which are hormones involved in the stress response and circadian rhythms.

20
Q

Pancreatic Beta Cells

A

Insulin

21
Q

Pancreatic Alpha Cells

A

Glucagon

22
Q

Pancreatic Delta Cells

A

Somatostatin
Pancreatic delta cells secrete somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, which reduces stomach acid secretion and blocks the release of other digestive hormones in an effort to slow down digestion.

23
Q

True or false: Hormone-secreting cells are found within organs scattered throughout multiple body systems that primarily function in a non-endocrine capacity.

A

True

24
Q

What major processes does the thyroid play a role in?

A

Metabolic rate and calcium control

25
Q

True or false: Parathyroid hormone reduces serum calcium levels by preventing calcium absorption in the intestines, promoting calcium storage in bone, and increasing urinary excretion of calcium.

A

This statement is false. Parathyroid hormone works to elevate, rather than reduce, the calcium concentration in the bloodstream. Therefore, it promotes calcium absorption in the intestines and it reduces calcium storage in bone and excretion in urine.

26
Q

Catecholamine

A

Catecholamines are a class of compounds named for their catechol and amine structural components. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are two examples. Cortisol is a steroid hormone rather than a catecholamine.

27
Q

Suppose that a pharmacist designs a new therapeutic agent that mimics the action of vasopressin within cells of the collecting duct. Based on its mechanism of action, this agent would be expected to…

A

Increase BP and decrease osmolarity.
Vasopressin, also known as anti-diuretic hormone, is released by the posterior pituitary in response to low blood pressure and high plasma osmolality. Unlike aldosterone, ADH doesn’t promote the reabsorption of ions in the nephron. Instead, it directly increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by upregulating the expression of aquaporin channels, which allow water to flow along its concentration gradient from the kidney filtrate back into the bloodstream. An important consequence of this is that ADH initially reduces blood osmolarity by increasing water absorption.

28
Q

True or false: Calcitonin and calcitriol inhibit osteoclast activity to prevent bone resorption.

A

This statement is false. Calcitonin does inhibit osteoclast activity to prevent bone resorption, but calcitriol does the opposite. Calcitriol increases serum calcium by promoting calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, reducing the excretion of calcium in urine, and stimulating bone resorption via osteoclast activation.

29
Q

Estrogen production occurs in the ovaries in response to…

A

In response to luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary, the ovaries produce higher levels of estrogen. Estrogen levels fluctuate with the menstrual cycle in females and promote the development of female secondary sex characteristics during puberty.

30
Q

Both the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla synthesize hormones that affect:

  • Sex development
  • Blood Pressure
  • Inflammatory Response
  • Blood Glucose levels
A

Blood Glucose
The adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids like cortisol in response to stress. Cortisol works to increase blood glucose levels. The adrenal medulla synthesizes the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine, which mediate the “fight or flight” response within the sympathetic nervous system. Epinephrine and norepinephrine have many physiological effects, one of which is to liberate glucose into the bloodstream.

31
Q

How does the connection of the hypothalamus to the pituitary differ in the anterior versus posterior pituitary?

A

Anterior is connected via a portal system whereas posterior is connected by neurons

32
Q

Tropic Hormone

A

Tropic hormones are hormones that target other endocrine organs or cells, typically to promote the release of other hormones.

33
Q

True or False: All of the hormones that the posterior pituitary releases are synthesized within the hypothalamus.

A

TRUE: The posterior pituitary can be viewed as a structural extension of the hypothalamus. All of the hormones that it releases are synthesized within the hypothalamus.

34
Q

True or false: Cortisol mediates short-term stress reactions and suppresses inflammatory pathways within the immune system.

A

This statement is false. Cortisol does not mediate short-term stress. Instead, it is associated with the chronic stress that comes from repeated exposure to stressful situations. The catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine are responsible for short-term, or acute, stress reactions.

35
Q

Apocrine

A

Apocrine cells are exocrine cells that release products onto nearby surfaces by membrane budding.

36
Q

Merocrine

A

Merocrine cells are exocrine cells that secrete molecules through exocytosis.

37
Q

Holocrine

A

Holocrine cells release products locally through membrane rupture.

38
Q

T or F: ACTH promotes the release of glucocorticoids

A

correct, acth stims the adrenal cortex to release corticol which is a glucocorticoid that acts on liver to release glucose

39
Q

True or false: Peptide hormones travel freely within the bloodstream, whereas steroid hormones require the assistance of transport proteins.

A

This statement is true. Peptide hormones are hydrophilic and therefore can move freely through the aqueous bloodstream. Steroid hormones, on the other hand, are hydrophobic and cannot travel unprotected through the circulatory system.

40
Q

True or False: amino acid derived hormones are always hydrophilic

A

False.
Some amino acid-derivatives are hydrophobic, like the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Others, like epinephrine and norepinephrine, are hydrophilic. There are even some amino acid derivatives that are amphipathic, with both polar and nonpolar regions.

41
Q

True or False: Steroid hormones enter the bloodstream by secretion through vesicles

A

False. Steroid hormones enter the bloodstream by diffusing directly through the plasma membrane of the cell in which they are synthesized. They do not need the assistance of secretory vesicles.

42
Q

Hormones that take effect slowly but are longer lived

A

steroid hormones

43
Q

True or False: the pituitary gland is responsible for integrating the endocrine and ns

A

false, the hypothalamus is

44
Q

What is the difference between an amino acid derived hormone and a peptide hromone?

A

Amino acid derived can be polar, nonpolar, or amphipathic and their effects/mechanism are predominated by these characteristics (nonpolar tend to function more like a steroid hormone). Peptide hormones can be bigger and tend to be hydrophilic.

45
Q

True or False: Glucocorticoids such as cortisol can act as immunosupressants

A

True

46
Q

What are the effect of epinephrine?

A
  • Increased HR
  • Increased respiratory rate
  • changes in vascular tone
  • increased LIPOLYSIS
  • Increased GLYCOGENOLYSIS
47
Q

True or False: Epinephrine increases the rate of FA uptake to shunt it into storage to save energy for fight or flight

A

False, it mobilizes FA stores

BELLE MCAT Biology (20 decks)

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