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BELLE MCAT Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Where are ribosomes synthesized?

A

Nucleolus

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2
Q

True or False: Mitochondria replication is synched with the cell cycle

A

False

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3
Q

How do mitochondria replicate?

A

Binary Fission

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4
Q

Where are proteins synthesized from free floating ribosomes destined?

A

Free floating ribosomes make proteins destined for intracellular destinations

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5
Q

Where are proteins synthesized from ribosomes bound to ER destined?

A

Extracellularly

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6
Q

Products being received by the golgi are received at what face?

A

Cis

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7
Q

Products exported by golgi exit at what face?

A

trans

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8
Q

What is a major difference in the generation of lysosomes versus peroxisomes?

A

Lysosomes are formed by pinching off as vesicles from the Golgi apparatus, but this is not true of peroxisomes.

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9
Q

Why don’t hydrolytic enzymes within the lysosome function well outside of the lysosome?

A

The internal pH of the lysosome is about 4.5 which is optimal for the enzymes. If the lysosome were to burst, the neutral pH of the cytosol would not be optimal for enzyme function

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10
Q

What is the major function of peroxisomes?

A

detoxification of reactive oxygen species

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11
Q

What is the major function of lysosomes?

A

autophagy of cell garbage

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12
Q

What are the three major components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

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13
Q

Describe the structure of microfilaments

A

-Made of double helices of actin -globular actin (g-actin) is stringed together to form filaments (f-actin)

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14
Q

What purpose do microfilaments serve?

A

They are important for: -Phagocytosis -cleavage furrow -muscle contraction

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15
Q

What modifications to products can occur in the golgi apparatus?

A

adding groups of carbs, phosphates, and sulfates

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16
Q

What is an important function of peroxisomes?

A

Hydrogen peroxide is found in peroxisomes and is important for breaking down long chain fatty acids during B-ox

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17
Q

Where is rRNA synthesized?

A

nucleolus

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18
Q

What does extranuclear inheritance?

A

Mitochondria

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19
Q

True or False: Mitochondrion can release enzymes that start apoptosis

A

True

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20
Q

This part of the cytoskeleton is make of keratin, desmin, vimetin, and lamins

A

Intermediate filaments

21
Q

Cilia and Flagella are made of _______________

A

Microtubules

22
Q

What is the purpose of microtubules on the inside of the cell?

A

They are a platform for kinesins and dyenins to transport vesicles

23
Q

Where is the positive and negative ends of the cell?

A

Positive is towards the outside and negative towards the inside

24
Q

What are the purpose of microtubles on the outside of eukaryotic cells?

A

Cilia and flagella for movement

25
Q

What part of the cytoskeleton is resistant to compression?

A

Microfilaments

26
Q

What is the main function of the nucleolus?

A

ribosomal rna/ ribosome synthesis

27
Q

What is the difference in structure between centrioles and flagella/cilia?

A

Centrioles are hollow with 9 triplets of tubulin while flagella and cilia have the 9+2 structure.

28
Q

What structure do centrioles have?

A

Triplicate microtubles assembled into hollow tube

29
Q

True or False: Hemidesmosomes are involved with cell to cell adhesion

A

False- they connect to the extracellular matrix

30
Q

Desmosomes are anchored to keratin. Whcih cytoskeletal structure would this include?

A

Intermediate filaments

31
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

Produces ribosomes in eukaryotes (essentially)

32
Q

True or False: Bacteria can confer antibiotic resistance between two different bacteria species through conjugation

33
Q

What forms of genetic material can viruses use?

A

SIngle or double stranded DNA or RNA

34
Q

What are the two classes of single stranded RNA?

A

Positive and negative sense viruses

35
Q

What is the difference between a positive and negative sense RNA virus?

A

Positve sense virus: its RNA is already oriented to be translated

Negative sense viruses can be thought of as complementary to mRNA and need RNA REPLICASE to transcribe the correct transcript

36
Q

What is the difference between RNA Replicase and Reverse Transcriptase?

A

RNA Replicase is carried by viruses that have Negative Sense RNA. Reverse Transcriptase is used by retroviruses to synthesize DNA from RNA. This DNA is then incorporated into the host cell.

37
Q

What is the process of extrusion?

A

Extrusion is very similar to exocytosis. It is when virions are released fromt he host cell in a manner that does not damage the host cell, or they can also be produced in such quantities that they cause host cell lysis.

38
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Structural carb that makes up bacterial cell walls

39
Q

Gram Positive vs Gram Negative

A

Gram positive: turns purple in gram stain due to thick peptidoglycan wall

Gram Negative: turns pink in gram staining, they have a thin wall with outer lipopolysaccharide layer

40
Q

True or False: The lytic cycle only occurs for bacteriophages

41
Q

What intercellular connection between endothelial cells of brain capillaries result in the blood brain barrier?

A

Tight Junctions

42
Q

Desmosomes

A

Intercellular junctions that function as anchors to form strong sheets of cells

43
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Intercellular Junctions that provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

44
Q

Intercalated Discs

A

Special intercellular junctions between cardiac cells that provide direct electrical coupling

45
Q

Made from connexins

A

Gap Junctions

46
Q

Junctions that make up epitheleal tissue

A

Tight Junctions

47
Q

Junction that prevents paracellular leakage

A

Tight Junction

48
Q

Junction that helps anchor the cytoskeleton

A

Desmosomes

BELLE MCAT Biology (20 decks)

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