Cell Biology

Question 1

Where are ribosomes synthesized?

Answer 1

Nucleolus

Question 2

True or False: Mitochondria replication is synched with the cell cycle

Answer 2

False

Question 3

How do mitochondria replicate?

Answer 3

Binary Fission

Question 4

Where are proteins synthesized from free floating ribosomes destined?

Answer 4

Free floating ribosomes make proteins destined for intracellular destinations

Question 5

Where are proteins synthesized from ribosomes bound to ER destined?

Answer 5

Extracellularly

Question 6

Products being received by the golgi are received at what face?

Answer 6

Cis

Question 7

Products exported by golgi exit at what face?

Answer 7

trans

Question 8

What is a major difference in the generation of lysosomes versus peroxisomes?

Answer 8

Lysosomes are formed by pinching off as vesicles from the Golgi apparatus, but this is not true of peroxisomes.

Question 9

Why don’t hydrolytic enzymes within the lysosome function well outside of the lysosome?

Answer 9

The internal pH of the lysosome is about 4.5 which is optimal for the enzymes. If the lysosome were to burst, the neutral pH of the cytosol would not be optimal for enzyme function

Question 10

What is the major function of peroxisomes?

Answer 10

detoxification of reactive oxygen species

Question 11

What is the major function of lysosomes?

Answer 11

autophagy of cell garbage

Question 12

What are the three major components of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 12

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Question 13

Describe the structure of microfilaments

Answer 13

-Made of double helices of actin -globular actin (g-actin) is stringed together to form filaments (f-actin)

Question 14

What purpose do microfilaments serve?

Answer 14

They are important for: -Phagocytosis -cleavage furrow -muscle contraction

Question 15

What modifications to products can occur in the golgi apparatus?

Answer 15

adding groups of carbs, phosphates, and sulfates

Question 16

What is an important function of peroxisomes?

Answer 16

Hydrogen peroxide is found in peroxisomes and is important for breaking down long chain fatty acids during B-ox

Question 17

Where is rRNA synthesized?

Answer 17

nucleolus

Question 18

What does extranuclear inheritance?

Answer 18

Mitochondria

Question 19

True or False: Mitochondrion can release enzymes that start apoptosis

Answer 19

True

Question 20

This part of the cytoskeleton is make of keratin, desmin, vimetin, and lamins

Answer 20

Intermediate filaments

Question 21

Cilia and Flagella are made of _______________

Answer 21

Microtubules

Question 22

What is the purpose of microtubules on the inside of the cell?

Answer 22

They are a platform for kinesins and dyenins to transport vesicles

Question 23

Where is the positive and negative ends of the cell?

Answer 23

Positive is towards the outside and negative towards the inside

Question 24

What are the purpose of microtubles on the outside of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 24

Cilia and flagella for movement

Question 25

What part of the cytoskeleton is resistant to compression?

Answer 25

Microfilaments

Question 26

What is the main function of the nucleolus?

Answer 26

ribosomal rna/ ribosome synthesis

Question 27

What is the difference in structure between centrioles and flagella/cilia?

Answer 27

Centrioles are hollow with 9 triplets of tubulin while flagella and cilia have the 9+2 structure.

Question 28

What structure do centrioles have?

Answer 28

Triplicate microtubles assembled into hollow tube

Question 29

True or False: Hemidesmosomes are involved with cell to cell adhesion

Answer 29

False- they connect to the extracellular matrix

Question 30

Desmosomes are anchored to keratin. Whcih cytoskeletal structure would this include?

Answer 30

Intermediate filaments

Question 31

What does the nucleolus do?

Answer 31

Produces ribosomes in eukaryotes (essentially)

Question 32

True or False: Bacteria can confer antibiotic resistance between two different bacteria species through conjugation

Answer 32

True

Question 33

What forms of genetic material can viruses use?

Answer 33

SIngle or double stranded DNA or RNA

Question 34

What are the two classes of single stranded RNA?

Answer 34

Positive and negative sense viruses

Question 35

What is the difference between a positive and negative sense RNA virus?

Answer 35

Positve sense virus: its RNA is already oriented to be translated Negative sense viruses can be thought of as complementary to mRNA and need RNA REPLICASE to transcribe the correct transcript

Question 36

What is the difference between RNA Replicase and Reverse Transcriptase?

Answer 36

RNA Replicase is carried by viruses that have Negative Sense RNA. Reverse Transcriptase is used by retroviruses to synthesize DNA from RNA. This DNA is then incorporated into the host cell.

Question 37

What is the process of extrusion?

Answer 37

Extrusion is very similar to exocytosis. It is when virions are released fromt he host cell in a manner that does not damage the host cell, or they can also be produced in such quantities that they cause host cell lysis.

Question 38

Peptidoglycan

Answer 38

Structural carb that makes up bacterial cell walls

Question 39

Gram Positive vs Gram Negative

Answer 39

Gram positive: turns purple in gram stain due to thick peptidoglycan wall Gram Negative: turns pink in gram staining, they have a thin wall with outer lipopolysaccharide layer

Question 40

True or False: The lytic cycle only occurs for bacteriophages

Answer 40

true

Question 41

What intercellular connection between endothelial cells of brain capillaries result in the blood brain barrier?

Answer 41

Tight Junctions

Question 42

Desmosomes

Answer 42

Intercellular junctions that function as anchors to form strong sheets of cells

Question 43

Gap Junctions

Answer 43

Intercellular Junctions that provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

Question 44

Intercalated Discs

Answer 44

Special intercellular junctions between cardiac cells that provide direct electrical coupling

Question 45

Made from connexins

Answer 45

Gap Junctions

Question 46

Junctions that make up epitheleal tissue

Answer 46

Tight Junctions

Question 47

Junction that prevents paracellular leakage

Answer 47

Tight Junction

Question 48

Junction that helps anchor the cytoskeleton

Answer 48

Desmosomes