Circulatory System Flashcards
True or False: All blood cells in the adult are initially produced in the bone marrow.
True
What primary function do platelets serve?
Platelets are cellular fragments derived from megakaryocytes; they are responsible for clotting, or coagulation.
Place the following in order from highest BP to lowest BP: Vena Cava Aorta Arterioles Veins Arteries Venules Capillaries
Arota Arteries Arterrioles Capillaries Venules Veins Inferior Vena Cava The aortic pressure (1) is about 95 mmHg in a normal adult. The mean blood pressure does not fall very much as the blood follows down the aorta and through large distributing arteries, such as the femoral artery (2). It is not until the small arteries and arterioles, such as the renal arteriole (3), that there is a significant decrease in blood pressure. Approximately 50-70% of the BP drop occurs within the smaller arteries and arterioles. By the time blood reaches the capillaries (4), the mean BP may be 25-30 mmHg, depending upon the organ. The pressure falls further as blood travels into the venules (5) and veins (6), and back to the heart via the vena cavae (7).
Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart
Pulmonary artery
Carries recently oxygenated blood toward the heart
Pulmonary vein
Directly receives blood from the vena cava
Right atrium
Pumps blood toward the lungs
Right ventricle
The heart can contract without a neural input because of impulse initiation from what?
Pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial (SA) node initiate and regulate the rhythmic contractions of the heart.
In a typical oxygen-dissociation curve of hemoglobin, what type of shift does fetal hemoglobin represent?
Left Shift. Pressure is typically on the x-axis of an oxygen dissociation curve. Fetal hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin; therefore it takes less pressure for oxygen to bind, causing a shift to the left.
Blood’s greatest component by volume is what?
Plasma
Platelets are derived from
Platelets are cellular fragments derived from megakaryocytes. Platelets are responsible for blood coagulation or clotting in the circulatory system. An interesting fact about platelets is that they contain ribosomes and do synthesize some proteins, yet have no nucleus in which to produce mRNA.
Which of the following proteins has the most integral role in blood clotting? Actin Myosin Collagen Fibrin
Fibrin
During the formation of a blood clot, fibrinogen is converted by thrombin into fibrin, an insoluble protein that combines with platelets to form a blood clot.
From what organ is erythropoietin released, and what is this hormone’s primary function?
Erythropoietin is a hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to cellular hypoxia. It increases the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in bone marrow.
Whta stimulates the release of erythropoietin?
Hypoxia
On what type of cell is the Rh factor most likely expressed?
The Rh factor is a type of protein on the surface of red blood cells.
Describe resistance to blood flow in the circulatory system
Resistance to blood flow within a vascular network is determined by the size of individual vessels and the organization of the vascular network. Changes in vessel diameter as the blood flows through the various vessel types are important for regulating blood flow within an organ, as well as for regulating arterial pressure. Thus, we expect that the greater the decrease in vessel diameter experienced, the greater the resistance. However, total area in blood flow, or total cross-sectional area, will influence the resistance in a given blood vessel type as well. The total cross sectional area of the body’s capillary beds is far greater than any other type of vessel. Thus, even though the diameter of an individual capillary is smaller than the diameter of an arteriole, due to the vast amount of capillaries found in the body, arterioles are the site of greatest resistance in the body’s blood vessels. Among the larger arteries and veins, veins have a larger diameter than arteries, thus providing a lower resistance to blood flow. Therefore, vascular resistance decreases in the order of arterioles, capillaries, arteries, and finally venules and veins.
Arrange the following items in order of decreasing vascular resistance.
Capillaries
Venules and veins
Arteries
Arterioles
Arterioles
Capillaries
Arteries
Venules and veins
True or False Urea and CO2 diffuse into blood via capillaries
true
True or False Plasma is often forced into spaces between cells and is ultimately picked up by the lymphatic system to be returned to general circulation
true