Endocrine System

Question 1

What brings in homeostasis?

Answer 1

Endocrine system and the nervous system

Question 2

What methods does the endocrine and nervous system use?

Answer 2

communication that affect specific target organs

Question 3

EXOcrine glands are….

Answer 3

secretions released into ducts opening onto an epithelial surface

Question 4

ENDOcrine glands are…

Answer 4

ductless organs that secrete their molecules directly into the bloodstream

Question 5

What happens if an organ lacks a SPECIFIC receptor?

Answer 5

It does NOT respond to its stimulating effects

Question 6

Peptide hormones

Answer 6

formed from chains of amino acids
most of our body’s hormones are peptide hormones
ex: growth hormone

Question 7

What are longer chains of peptide hormones called?

Answer 7

Protein hormone

Question 8

Steroid hormones

Answer 8

type of lipid derived from cholesterol

ex: testosterone

Question 9

Biogenic amines

Answer 9

small molecules produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid
ex: thyroid hormone

Question 10

What is negative feedback loop?

Answer 10

A stimulus starts a process, and eventually the hormone secreted or a product of its effects causes the process to slow down or turn off

Question 11

What is an example of negative feedback loop?

Answer 11

regulation of the blood glucose level

Question 12

Positive feedback loop

Answer 12

Accelerates the original process, either to ensure that the pathway continues to run or to speed up its activities

Question 13

What is an example of positive feedback loop?

Answer 13

milk release from mom’s boobies

Question 14

Master Control Center of endocrine

Answer 14

hypothalamus

Question 15

Hormone in the hypothalamus…

Answer 15

secrete hormones that influence the secretory activity of the anterior pituitary gland

Question 16

Regulatory hormones

Answer 16

secreted into the blood to regulate secretion of most anterior pituitary hormones

Question 17

Hypothalamus has _______ over these endocrine organs

Answer 17

Indirect control

Question 18

What two hormones are transported into the posterior pituitary?

Answer 18

oxytocin 
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 19

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

Answer 19

Small, slightly oval gland housed within the hypophyseal
Covered superiorly by the diaphragma sellae
Connected to the hypothalamus by a thin stalk, the infundibulum.
Partitioned both structurally and functionally into an anterior pituitary and a posterior pituitary

Question 20

What is the pituitary gland controlled by?

Answer 20

regulatory hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

Question 21

How do hormones reach the anterior pituitary?

Answer 21

via hypothalamo- hypophyseal portal system

Question 22

What is hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

Answer 22

“shunt” that takes blood carrying regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus directly to the anterior pituitary

Question 23

What does the Thyroid Gland look like?

Answer 23

Butterfly

Question 24

Where do the left and right lobes connected at?

Answer 24

The anterior midline by a narrow isthmus

Question 25

Where is the Thyroid cartilage located?

Answer 25

inferior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx | anterior to the trachea

Question 26

Where are the Parathyroid Glands located?

Answer 26

posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Question 27

What are the two cells in the parathyroid gland?

Answer 27

chief and oxyphil cells

Question 28

What do the chief cells do?

Answer 28

- source of parathyroid hormone (PTH). - stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium ions from bone matrix into the bloodstream - stimulates calcitriol hormone synthesis in the kidney - promotes calcium absorption in the small intestine - prevents the loss of calcium ions during the formation of urine

Question 29

What do the oxyphil cells do?

Answer 29

is not known

Question 30

What are Adrenal Glands (suprarenal)?

Answer 30

Paired, pyramid-shaped endocrine glands on the superior surface of each kidney. Covered in fat and fascia to minimize their movement

Question 31

Why is the Adrenal Cortex yellow?

Answer 31

due to stored lipids in its cell

Question 32

What does the Adrenal Cortex synthesize?

Answer 32

more than 25 different steroid hormones, called corticosteroids

Question 33

How is corticosteroid synthesis stimulated?

Answer 33

ACTH produced by the anterior pituitary

Question 34

What does the Adrenal Cortex regulate?

Answer 34

Regulates salt, sugar, and sex!

Question 35

Adrenal Medulla forms.....

Answer 35

inner core of each adrenal gland

Question 36

What are chromaffin cells?

Answer 36

clusters of large, spherical cells

Question 37

What is adrenaline?

Answer 37

innervated by the sympathetic division of the ANS, one population of cells secretes the hormone epinephrine

Question 38

What is nonadrenaline?

Answer 38

other population secretes the hormone

Question 39

What do hormones prepare the body for?

Answer 39

Emergency or fight-or-flight situation.

Question 40

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 40

between the duodenum of the small intestine and the spleen

Question 41

What is the pancreas mainly composed of?

Answer 41

pancreatic acini

Question 42

What do pancreatic acini produce?

Answer 42

alkaline pancreatic juice that aids digestion

Question 43

What are pancreatic islets? (islets of Langerhans)

Answer 43

Small clusters scattered among the pancreatic acini

Question 44

Pancreatic islets are composed of four types

Answer 44

two major types (called alpha cells and beta cells) | two minor types (called delta cells and F cells)

Question 45

ALPHA cells secrete GLUCAGON when.....

Answer 45

blood glucose levels DROPS

Question 46

BETA cells secrete INSULIN when.....

Answer 46

blood glucose levels are ELEVATED

Question 47

DELTA cells are stimulated

Answer 47

by high levels of nutrients in the bloodstream

Question 48

F cells are stimulated....

Answer 48

by protein digestion

Question 49

What is pineal gland?

Answer 49

is a small, cone-shaped structure attached to the posterior region of the epithalamus

Question 50

What do pineal gland secrete?

Answer 50

melatonin

Question 51

What does melatonin do?

Answer 51

- helps regulate a circadian rhythm (24-hour body clock) --responsible for FSH and LH synthesis - has a role in sexual maturation however not yet understood

Question 52

Where is the thymus located?

Answer 52

within the mediastinum superior to the heart, posterior to the sternum

Question 53

The thymus gets smaller as we...

Answer 53

age

Question 54

What does the thymus do?

Answer 54

associates with the lymphatic system to regulate and maintain body immunity

Question 55

What two hormones does the thymus produce?

Answer 55

thymopoietin and thymosins

Question 56

What is T-lymphocytes? (thymus-derived lymphocytes)

Answer 56

hormones stimulate and promote the differentiation, growth, and maturation of a category of lymphocytes