Chapter 17

Question 1

How does the CNS communicate with the body?

Answer 1

Via pathways

Question 2

Pathways travel through what matter?

Answer 2

White

Question 3

What does the pathways consist of?

Answer 3

A tract and a Nucleus

Question 4

What does each tract work with?

Answer 4

multiple nuclei groups in the CNS

Question 5

What is a nucleus?

Answer 5

collection of neuron cell bodies within the CNS

Question 6

What is Ascending pathways?

Answer 6

carry sensory information from the peripheral body to the brain

Question 7

What is Descending Pathways?

Answer 7

transmit motor information from the brain or brainstem to muscles or glands

Question 8

somatotopy

Answer 8

Pathways that connect the primary motor cortex to a specific body part exhibit somatotopy.

Question 9

All pathways are composed of….

Answer 9

paired tracts

Question 10

A pathway on the left side of the CNS has a matching tract on the….

Answer 10

right side of the CNS

Question 11

What does Sensory Pathways have?

Answer 11

have primary neurons, secondary neurons, and sometimes tertiary neurons that facilitate the pathway’s functioning

Question 12

What does a Motor Pathway have?

Answer 12

upper motor neuron and a lower motor neuron

Question 13

Somatosensory pathways

Answer 13

process stimuli received from receptors within the skin, muscles, and joints

Question 14

Viscerosensory pathways

Answer 14

process stimuli received from the viscera

Question 15

What do Sensory receptors detect?

Answer 15

stimuli and then conduct nerve impulses to the CNS

Question 16

What do sensory pathways within the spinal cord and brain stem do?

Answer 16

process and filter the incoming sensory information

Question 17

Sensory Pathways determine whether the sensory stimulus should be transmitted to the…..

Answer 17

cerebrum or terminated

Question 18

What percent of incoming impulses do not reach the cerebral cortex and our conscious awareness?

Answer 18

more than 99%

Question 19

How many pathways does the sensory use to transmit stimulus information from the body periphery to the brain?

Answer 19

two or three neurons

Question 20

What neuron is the primary?

Answer 20

First neuron

Question 21

Where do the cell bodies reside? (1st neuron)

Answer 21

in the posterior root ganglia of spinal nerves or the sensory ganglia of cranial nerves

Question 22

Where is does the axon of the primary neuron project to?

Answer 22

projects to a secondary neuron within the CNS

Question 23

The secondary neuron is a….

Answer 23

interneuron

Question 24

Where do the cell bodies reside? ( 2nd neuron)

Answer 24

within either the posterior horn of the spinal cord or a brainstem nucleus

Question 25

The tertiary neuron is also an....

Answer 25

interneuron

Question 26

Where do the cell bodies reside? ( 3rd neuron)

Answer 26

within the thalamus

Question 27

What is Funiculus cuneatus and gracilis do?

Answer 27

Conduct sensory impulses for information about limb position and discriminative touch, precise pressure, and vibration sensation

Question 28

What is Located in the anterior and lateral white funiculi of the spinal cord?

Answer 28

anterior spinothalamic tract | lateral spinothalamic tract

Question 29

Anterior spinothalamic tract conduct...

Answer 29

sensory impulses for crude touch and pressure

Question 30

Lateral spinothalamic tract conduct...

Answer 30

sensory impulses for pain and temperature

Question 31

What does Spinocerebellar Pathway conduct?

Answer 31

proprioceptive information to the cerebellum for processing to coordinate body movements

Question 32

the spinocerebellar is composed of..

Answer 32

anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts

Question 33

Spinocerebellar do NOT use

Answer 33

tertiary (3rd) neurons

Question 34

Anterior spinocerebellar tract conduct....

Answer 34

proprioceptive impulses from inferior regions of trunk and lower limbs

Question 35

Posterior spinocerebellar tract conduct....

Answer 35

proprioceptive impulses from lower limbs, regions of trunk and upper limbs

Question 36

Direct Pathways include

Answer 36

Corticobulbar, anterior and posterior corticospinal tracts.

Question 37

Indirect Pathways include

Answer 37

Rubrospinal tract, Reticulospinal tract, Tectospinal tract and the Vestibulospinal tract

Question 38

Where do Corticobulbar Tracts originate from?

Answer 38

the facial region of the motor homunculus within the primary motor cortex

Question 39

Corticobulbar control...

Answer 39

eye movements (via CN III, IV, and VI) cranial, facial, pharyngeal, and laryngeal muscles (via CN V, VII, IX, and X) some superficial muscles of the back and neck (via CN XI) intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles (via CN XII)

Question 40

How are pyramids form?

Answer 40

Descend from the cerebral cortex through the brainstem and form a pair of thick bulges in the medulla

Question 41

The pyramids continue into....

Answer 41

the spinal cord to synapse on lower motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

Question 42

Lateral corticospinal tract:

Answer 42

Voluntary movement of limb muscles

Question 43

Anterior corticospinal tract:

Answer 43

Voluntary movement of axial muscles

Question 44

What do Axon take?

Answer 44

a complex, circuitous route before finally conducting the motor impulse into the spinal cord

Question 45

Rubrospinal tract (Lateral pathway) regulates

Answer 45

Regulates and controls precise, discrete movements and tone in flexor muscles of the limbs

Question 46

Reticulospinal tract ( Medial pathway) controls

Answer 46

Controls more unskilled automatic movements related to posture and maintaining balance

Question 47

Tectospinal tract (Medial Pathway) regulates

Answer 47

Regulates positional changes of the upper limbs, eyes, head, and neck due to visual and auditory stimuli

Question 48

Vestibulospinal tract (Medial Pathway) regulates

Answer 48

Regulates muscular activity that helps maintain balance during sitting, standing, and walking

Question 49

What does the cerebral nuclei do?

Answer 49

Receive impulses from the entire cerebral cortex

Question 50

Most of the output of the cerebral nuclei goes to...

Answer 50

the primary motor cortex.

Question 51

The cerebral nuclei provides....

Answer 51

the patterned background movements needed for conscious motor activities

Question 52

When are movements initiated?

Answer 52

when commands are received by the primary motor cortex from the motor association areas

Question 53

The cerebral cortex controls...

Answer 53

Controls highly variable and complex voluntary motor patterns

Question 54

The cerebral cortex occupies the highest level of

Answer 54

processing and motor control

Question 55

Higher-order mental functions are...

Answer 55

consciousness, learning, memory, and reasoning

Question 56

Where does the left hemisphere function?

Answer 56

in categorization and symbolization. ( science and math)

Question 57

Cerebral Lateralization is the....

Answer 57

speech-dominant hemisphere

Question 58

Right hemisphere is called the...

Answer 58

representational hemisphere (the seat of imagination)