Blood Flashcards
Why is blood considered connective tissue?
it contains cells, plasma and dissolved protein fibers
What is the temperature of blood?
1°C higher than measured body temperature
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
lower layer of the centrifuged blood
make up about 44% of a blood sample
transport respiratory gases in the blood
Buffy coat
middle layer
thin, slightly gray-white layer leukocytes (white blood cells) cell fragment (platelets)
less than 1% of a blood sample
Plasma
straw-colored liquid that rises to the top
makes up about 55% of blood
Erythrocytes and Buffy coat are called…
formed elements NOT CELLS
Blood transports numerous….
elements and compounds throughout the body
What do erythrocytes transport?
they carry oxygen from the lungs to body cells
then transport carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs
What does BLOOD plasma transport?
nutrients that have been absorbed from the GI tract
What does plasma carry?
waste products from the cells to organs such as the kidneys
What is the normal PH of blood?
7.4
Blood maintains ______ fluid levels
normal
What happens when blood absorbs too much fluid?
high blood pressure
What happens when fluid escapes the bloodstream?
blood pressure drops to unhealthy low levels, and tissues swell with excess fluid
Fluid Levels is the…..
Constant exchange of fluid between the blood plasma and the interstitial fluid
What two compounds does blood contain and why?
salt and protein
to prevent excess fluid loss in the plasma
How do leukocytes (white blood cells) protect us?
help guard against infection by mounting an immune response if a pathogen or an antigen is found
How does plasma protect us?
Plasma transports antibodies, that can immobilize antigens until a leukocyte can completely kill or remove the antigen
How do platelets and blood proteins protect us?
protect the body against blood loss by forming blood clots on damaged vessels
What happens when the proteins are moved from the plasma?
remaining fluid is termed serum
What % of water does plasma have?
92%
What % of plasma proteins does plasma have?
7%
What does a plasma protein have? (4 things)
albumins
globulins
fibrinogen
regulatory proteins
Albumins (Plasma Protein)
Smallest and most of the plasma proteins.
58% of total plasma proteins
Regulate water movement between the blood and interstitial fluid
transport proteins that carry ions, hormones, and some lipids in the blood
Globulins aka antibodies (Plasma Protein)
Second largest group
37% of all plasma proteins.
bind, support, and protect certain water-insoluble or hydrophobic molecules, hormones, and ions.
Produced defense cells to protect the body against pathogens
Fibrinogen (Plasma Protein)
4% of all plasma proteins.
Responsible for blood clot formation.
trauma to the walls of blood vessels, fibrinogen is converted into long, insoluble strands of fibrin= the essence of a blood clot
Regulatory
very minor class of plasma proteins.
less than 1% of total plasma proteins
Include enzymes to accelerate chemical reactions in the blood
hormones transport to target cells
Plasma is similar to interstitial fluid because
they have similar concentrations of nutrients, waste products, and electrolyte
Concentration of dissolved oxygen is…..
higher
Difference in concentration ensures that carbon dioxide will diffuse…..
where it will be carried to the lungs and discharged from the body
What is Hematocrit?
% of erythrocytes in blood
% of hematocrit in Males?
42% - 56%
% of hematocrit in Females?
38% - 46%
What affects Hematocrit levels?
more erythrocytes and oxygen
What do mature Erythrocytes lack?
nuclei
What do erythrocytes transport?
oxygen and carbon dioxide to tissues and lungs
How many hemoglobin are found in every erythrocyte?
280 million
What are hemoglobin responsible for? ( 2 things )
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, and makes red color of arterial blood
Four protein building blocks of the hemoglobin are called?
Globins
When does oxygen bind to hemoglobins?
when the erythrocytes pass through the blood vessels of the lungs
When does oxygen leave the hemoglobin?
when the erythrocytes pass through the blood vessels of body tissues
What does an Antibody interact with?
a specific antigen
The antibodies in our blood plasma do NOT recognize
antigens on erythrocytes
What do Leukocytes help initiate?
an immune response and defend the body against pathogens
Leukocytes are ____ cells
True (has a nucleus/ cellular organelles)
Leukocytes do NOT contain
hemoglobin
Leukocytes are _____ times larger than erythrocytes
1.5 to 3
What are the two groups of leukocytes?
granulocytes and agranulocytes
Neutrophil (Granulocytes)
Neutrophil
60–70% of the total number of leukocytes.
Devours bacteria (pathogen) & release enzymes
Eosinophils (Granulocytes)
2–4% of the total number of leukocytes
nucleus usually has two lobes
Devours antigen-antibodies
Basophils (Granulocytes)
- 5 times larger than erythrocytes
0. 5–1% of the total number of leukocytes
What are agranulocytes? ( are overlooked)
leukocytes that have such small granules in their cytoplasm
Agranulocytes have both
lymphocytes and monocytes
T-lymphocytes (T-cells)
manage/direct an immune response
some directly attack foreign cells and virus-infected cells
B-lymphocytes (B-cells)
stimulated to become plasma cells and produce antibodies
Natural killer cells (NK cells)
attack abnormal and infected tissue cells
Platelets are produce in what bone marrow?
red (cells called megakaryocytes)
Components in the plasma produce a web of ___ that traps erythrocytes and platelets.
fibrin
