Endocrine System

Question 1

The PRODUCT OF THE ENDOCRINE GLAND is called?

Answer 1

Hormone

Question 2

What are the THREE KINDS OF SECRETION?

Answer 2

1. Autocrine
2. Paracrine
3. Juxtracrine

Question 3

In this secretion, LOCALIZED DISPERSAL IN INTERSTITIAL FLUID or THROUGH SHORT OF LOOPS OF BLOOD VESSELS as when gastrin made by pyloric G cells reach target cells in the fundic glands.

Answer 3

Paracrine Secretion

Question 4

In this secretion, the SIGNALING MOLECULES REMAIN ON THE SECRETING CELL’S SURFACE, or adjacent extracellular matrix and affect target cells when the cells make contact.

Answer 4

Juxtacrine Secretion

Question 5

In this secretion, CELLS MAY PRODUCE MOLECULES that act on themselves or on cells of the same type.

Answer 5

Autocrine Secretion

Question 6

Pituitary gland also known as?

Answer 6

Hypophysis

Question 7

It lies below the brain in a small cavity on the SPHENOID BONE.

Answer 7

Sella Turcica

Question 8

The ORAL COMPONENT ARISES AS AN OUTPOCKETING of ectoderm from the roof of the primitive mouth and grows cranially, forming a structure called?

Answer 8

Hypophyseal (Rathke) Pouch

Question 9

What are the parts of the POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND (neurohypophysis)?

Answer 9

1. Infundibulum Stalk
2. Pars nervosa

Question 10

What are the parts of the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND (adenohypophysis)?

Answer 10

1. Pars distalis (Anterior lobe)
2. Pars tuberalis
3. Pars intermedia (Posterior lobe)

Question 11

List of anterior pituitary secretes:

Answer 11

1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
3. Growth hormone (GH)
4. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
5. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
6. Prolactin (PRL)
7. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 12

List of posterior pituitary releases:

Answer 12

1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2. Oxytocin (OT)

Question 13

Bundles of axons called?

Answer 13

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Tract

Question 14

The peptide hormones ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin are synthesized by large neurons in what?

Answer 14

1. Supraoptic Nuclei
2. Paraventricular Nuclei

Question 15

This SUPPLY THE MEDIAN EMINENCE and INFUNDIBULAR STALK.

Answer 15

Superior Hypophyseal Arteries

Question 16

Superior Hypophyseal Arteries divides into?

Answer 16

1. Primary plexus of fenestrated capillaries
2. Secondary capillary plexus

Question 17

What are the THREE PARTS of the ANTERIOR PITUITARY?

Answer 17

1. Pars Distalis
2. Pars Tuberalis
3. Pars Intermedia

Question 18

The COMMON STAINS suggest two broad groups of cells in the PARS DISTALIS with different staining
affinities:

Answer 18

Chromophils and Chromophobes

Question 19

What are the TWO PARTS of CHROMOPHILS?

Answer 19

Basophils and Acidophils

Question 20

Acidophils secretes?

Answer 20

Somatotrophs and Lactotrophs

Question 21

Basophils secretes?

Answer 21

Cortitrophs, Gonadotrophs, and Thyrotrophs

Question 22

STAIN WEAKLY, WITH FEW OR NO SECRETORY GRANULES, and also represent a heterogeneous group.

Answer 22

Chromophobes

Question 23

Gonadotrophs secrete two different glycoproteins:

Answer 23

1. Follicle-stimulating hormone
2. Luteinizing hormone

Question 24

What do you call the Gonadotrophs secretes?

Answer 24

Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

Question 25

A SMALLER FUNNEL-SHAPED REGION surrounding the infundibulum of the neurohypophysis. MOST CELLS ARE GONADOTROPHS.

Answer 25

Pars Tuberalis

Question 26

A NARROW ZONE LYING BETWEEN the pars distalis and the pars nervosa, it contains BASOPHILS (corticotrophs), chromophobes, and small, colloid-filled cysts derived from the lumen of the embryonic hypophyseal pouch

Answer 26

Pars Intermedia

Question 27

Pars intermedia produce?

Answer 27

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Question 28

It CONTROLS THE ACTIVITIES of the cells of the anterior pituitary gland.

Answer 28

Hypothalamic hormones

Question 29

Fill in the blank: Most of these hormones are __ that stimulate secretion by specific anterior pituitary cells.

Answer 29

Releasing hormone

Question 30

It BLOCKS HORMONE SECRETION in specific cells of the adenohypophysis.

Answer 30

Inhibiting hormone

Question 31

Another mechanism CONTROLLING THE ACTIVITY of the anterior pituitary cells.

Answer 31

Negative Feedback

Question 32

Hormone secretion in the anterior pituitary is AFFECTED BY?

Answer 32

Other hormones from outside the feedback loop or even outside the major target tissues.

Question 33

The Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) consists of?

Answer 33

1. Pars Nervosa 2. Infundibulum Stalk

Question 33

A HIGHLY BRANCHED GLIAL CELLS that resemble astrocytes.

Answer 33

Pituicytes

Question 34

Axonal dilation where ADH and OXYTOCIN HORMONES are being stored before release to capillaries in the posterior pituitary.

Answer 34

Herring bodies

Question 35

The NEUROSECRETORY BODIES contain membrane-enclosed granules with either oxytocin or ADH bound to 10-kDa carrier proteins called?

Answer 35

Neurophysin I and II

Question 36

The adrenal gland also known as?

Answer 36

Suprarenal gland

Question 37

This PAIRED FLATTENED STRUCTURES with a half-moon shape organs lying near the superior poles of the kidneys, embedded in the pararenal adipose tissue and fascia.

Answer 37

Adrenal gland

Question 38

Each gland has two concentric regions:

Answer 38

1. Yellowish: Adrenal Cortex 2. Reddish-brown central: Adrenal Medulla

Question 39

Contains exceptionally profuse SER and MITOCHONDRIA. STEROIDS HORMONE diffuses freely from cells through the plasma membrane.

Answer 39

Adrenal Cortex

Question 40

What are the THREE CONCENTRIC REGION of ADRENAL CORTEX?

Answer 40

1. Zona glomerulosa 2. Zona fasciculata 3. Zona reticularis

Question 41

It consists of CLOSELY PACKED, ROUNDED, or ARCHED CORDS of columnar or pyramidal cells WITH MANY CAPILLARIES. The principal product is ALDOSTERONE the MAJOR REGULATOR OF SALT BALANCE. The OUTERMOST, 15% of the cortex.

Answer 41

Zona glomerulosa

Question 42

It consists of LONG CORDS OF LARGE POLYHEDRAL CELLS, one or two cells thick, separated by fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries. These cells secrete GLUCOCORTICOIDS, especially cortisol, MAJOR REGULATOR OF SUGAR. The MIDDLE, 65-80% of the cortex.

Answer 42

Zona fasciculata

Question 43

It consists of SMALLER CELLS in a network of irregular cords. Also, produces cortisol but primarily secretes WEAK ANDROGENS, including DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE (DHEA) or TESTOSTERONE, a MAJOR REGULATOR OF SEX. The INNERMOST, 10% of the cortex.

Answer 43

Zona Reticularis

Question 44

In Zona Reticularis, secretion in these cells is also stimulated by?

Answer 44

ACTH with regulatory feedback

Question 45

It is composed of LARGE, PALE STAINING POLYHEDRAL CELLS arranged in cords or clumps and supported by a reticular fiber network.

Answer 45

Adrenal Medulla

Question 46

Medullary parenchymal cells, known as?

Answer 46

Chromaffin Cells

Question 47

POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS, LACKING AXONS, and DENDRITES and specialized as secretory cells; for the storage and secretion of catecholamines. (epinephrine & norepinephrine)

Answer 47

Chromaffin Cells

Question 48

This INCREASES HEART RATE, DILATES BRONCHIOLES, and DILATES ARTERIES of CARDIAC and SKELETAL MUSCLE.

Answer 48

Epinephrine

Question 49

Constricts vessels of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM and SKIN, INCREASING BLOOD FLOW TO THE HEART, MUSCLES, and BRAIN.

Answer 49

Norepinephrine

Question 50

BOTH CATECHOLAMINES, together with Ca2+ and ATP, are bound in granular storage complexes with 49-kDa proteins called?

Answer 50

Chromogranins

Question 51

Pancreatic islets also known as?

Answer 51

Islet of Langerhans

Question 52

A COMPACT SPHERICAL or OVOID MASSES of ENDOCRINE CELLS embedded within the acinar exocrine tissue of the pancreas.

Answer 52

Pancreatic Islets

Question 53

Most islet cells are?

Answer 53

Acidophilic or Basophilic with fine cytoplasmic granules.

Question 54

It SECRETE PRIMARILY GLUCAGON and is abundant and scattered through most islets.

Answer 54

α or A cells

Question 55

It PRODUCES INSULIN that is about TWICE AS ABUNDANT as α cells and also usually scattered.

Answer 55

β or B cells

Question 56

It SECRETING SOMATOSTATIN is much LESS ABUNDANT than the other major cell types.

Answer 56

δ or D cells

Question 57

It SECRETES PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE, A minor fourth cell type, MORE COMMON in islets LOCATED WITHIN THE HEAD OF PANCREAS.

Answer 57

PP cells

Question 58

Collectively these DISPERSED CELLS, as well as similar cells in the respiratory mucosa, make up the?

Answer 58

Diffuse Neuroendocrine System (DNES)

Question 59

Many cells of the DNES ARE STAINED BY SOLUTIONS OF CHROMIUM SALTS and have therefore been called?

Answer 59

Enterochromaffin Cells

Question 60

This STAINING WITH SILVER NITRATE is sometimes called?

Answer 60

Argentaffin Cells

Question 61

It is LOCATED ANTERIOR and INFERIOR TO THE LARYNX and consists of TWO LOBES united by an isthmus.

Answer 61

Thyroid Gland

Question 62

Follicular Cells or Thyrocytes secrete?

Answer 62

1. Thyroxine (tetra-iodothyronine or T4) 2. Tri-iodothyronine (T3)

Question 63

Parafollicular Cells or C Cells secrete?

Answer 63

Calcitonin

Question 64

Thyroid colloid contains the LARGE GLYCOPROTEINS.

Answer 64

Thyroglobulin

Question 65

The production of thyroid hormone and its control.

Answer 65

1. Production of thyroglobulin 2. Uptake of iodide 3. Iodination of tyrosyl residues 4. Formation of T3 and T4 (thyroxine) 5. Endocytosis of iodinated thyroglobulin 6. Secretion of T3 and T4

Question 66

FOUR SMALL OVOID MASSES that is located on the back of the thyroid gland.

Answer 66

Parathyroid Gland

Question 67

ENDOCRINE CELLS of the PARATHYROID GLANDS that contain irregularly shaped cytoplasmic granules with PTH.

Answer 67

Principal (Chief) Cells

Question 68

It REGULATE CALCIUM LEVELS by ACTING ON BONE, KIDNEY, and INTESTINE.

Answer 68

Parathyroid hormone

Question 69

Fill in the blanks: Much SMALLER populations of ___, often clustered, are sometimes also present in parathyroid glands, MORE COMMONLY IN OLDER INDIVIDUALS.

Answer 69

Oxyphil Cells

Question 70

Pineal Gland is also known as?

Answer 70

Epiphysis Cerebri

Question 71

Prominent and abundant secretory cells that PRODUCE MELATONIN.

Answer 71

Pinealocytes

Question 72

Pineal landmarks are the concretions called?

Answer 72

Corpora Aranacea (Brain Sand)

Question 73

Which of the following accurately describes glucocorticoids? A. Include the steroid hormone aldosterone B. Are produced in response to stimulation by ACTH C. Are produced primarily by the zona glomerulosa D. Typically enhances the immune response E. Include the steroid hormone DHEA

Answer 73

B. Are produced in response to stimulation by ACTH

Question 74

Pregnant women who have begun labor but in whom this process is no longer progressing are often given an IV injection of Pitocin to stimulate uterine contractions and facilitate parturition. Pitocin is a trade name of a hormone produced in what endocrine tissue? A. Pars distalis B. Ovarian follicles C. Pars nervosa D. Placenta E. Pars tuberalis

Answer 74

C. Pars nervosa

Question 75

What hormone is produced in response to decreased blood calcium levels? A. Pancreatic polypeptide B. β-Endorphin C. Somatostatin D. Calcitonin E. PTH

Answer 75

E. PTH

Question 76

Addison disease (or adrenal cortex insufficiency) is a disorder, usually autoimmune in origin, which can cause degeneration and cell loss in the adrenal glands. Fludrocortisone is a mineralocorticoid used to treat Addison patients. Response to this drug indicates which region of the adrenal glands was involved in the disease? A. Medulla B. Zona glomerulosa C. Zona reticularis D. Macula densa E. Zona fasciculate

Answer 76

B. Zona glomerulosa

Question 77

A glucagonoma is a malignant tumor consisting of what cells? A. A or α cells B. B or β cells C. Chromophils D. D or δ cells E. Mucous cells

Answer 77

A. A or α cells

Question 78

Secretion, chemical modification and storage, reuptake, and digestion of a protein occur in epithelial cells of what endocrine tissue? A. Neurohypophysis B. Adrenal medulla C. Adenohypophysis D. Thyroid gland E. Neuroendocrine cells in the duodenum

Answer 78

D. Thyroid gland

Question 79

Secretion in what neuroendocrine cell is controlled directly by neural activity and involves a hormone that generally slows metabolic activity at night? A. Pituicyte B. Melanocyte C. Herring body of the neurohypophysis D. Chromaffin cell E. Pinealocyte

Answer 79

E. Pinealocyte

Question 80

Some mammalian endocrine tissues or cells can be experimentally transplanted to other well-vascularized sites (such as the oral mucosa) in genetically similar hosts and the tissue’s function continues normally and with proper regulation. The pars distalis is not a good candidate for such transplantation studies for one of the following reasons? A. More severe rejection of neurally related tissue occurs compared with other endocrine organs. B. Its hormonal source is unavailable after its axonal connections to the hypothalamus are disrupted. C. Its cells stop functioning when separated from the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. D. Neogenesis of blood vessels into this tissue will not occur at the transplant site. E. The vascular wall of the superior hypophyseal arteries is unique.

Answer 80

C. Its cells stop functioning when separated from the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.

Question 81

A 45-year-old corporate executive presents with the primary complaint of “always being tired.” She comments that she has been tired for 4 months even though she is sleeping more. She complains of being unable to finish chores at home and “dragging at work.” She indicates that she is often constipated and is intolerant of cold. She is continuously turning the thermostats in the house and office to higher temperatures, to the dismay of family and coworkers. She also complains that her skin is very dry; the use of lotions and creams has not helped the dryness. A biopsy of her thyroid gland shows dense lymphocytic infiltration with germinal centers throughout the parenchyma and a battery of further tests is carried out, which also suggest thyroiditis. Which of the following results of blood tests would be most likely in this patient? A. Elevated TSH levels B. Elevated T3 and T4 levels C. Autoantibodies to the thyroid hormone receptor D. Elevated calcitonin levels E. Elevated glucocorticoid levels

Answer 81

A. Elevated TSH levels

Question 82

A 9-year-old girl, the youngest of four daughters, is taken to the pediatrician by her mother, who indicates that for at least 4 months the child has seemed “hyperactive,” unable to sleep soundly because “she says her room is too hot,” and no longer able to concentrate in school. Upon questioning, the mother also remembers that her daughter’s periods also began within the past few months. Blood tests indicate high levels of estrogen-related hormones and cortisol. Which of the following tentative diagnoses is consistent with all of these symptoms? A. Graves disease, caused by antibodies stimulating the TSH receptor B. A defect in the PVN C. Excessively active cells of the adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa D. A benign tumor involving cells in the adenohypophysis E. A disabling mutation in the gene for thyroglobulin

Answer 82

D. A benign tumor involving cells in the adenohypophysis

Question 83

Medical Application: Benign PITUITARY ADENOMAS often produce excessive numbers of functional acidophils or basophils. ADENOMAS involving somatotropic cells can cause?

Answer 83

Gigantism

Question 84

Medical Application: Posterior pituitary function can be adversely affected by heritable mutations in the gene for vasopressin (ADH) neurophysin, by compression from a tumor in adjacent tissues, and by HEAD TRAUMA. A disorder characterized by the inability to concentrate urine, which LEADS TO FREQUENT URINATION.

Answer 84

Polyuria and Polydipsia

Question 85

Medical Application: It is a disorder, usually AUTOIMMUNE IN ORIGIN, which causes degeneration in any layer of the ADRENAL CORTEX, with concomitant LOSS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS, MINERALOCORTICOIDS, or ANDROGEN PRODUCTION.

Answer 85

Addison disease or adrenal cortical insufficiency

Question 86

Medical Application: In the ADRENAL MEDULLA, BENIGN PHEOCHROMOCYTOMAS periodically secrete high levels of catecholamines that cause swings in blood pressure.

Answer 86

Hypertension and Hypotension

Question 87

Medical Application: Diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss of the insulin effect and a subsequent failure of cells to take up glucose, leading to elevated blood sugar. Caused by the LOSS OF THE β cells from autoimmune destruction and is treated by regular injections of insulin.

Answer 87

Hyperglycemia. Type 1 diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

Question 88

Medical Application: β cells are PRESENT BUT FAILED TO PRODUCE adequate levels of insulin in response to hyperglycemia, and the peripheral target cells “resist” or no longer respond to the hormone.

Answer 88

Type 2 diabetes or non–non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Question 89

Medical Application: It is an AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER in which antibodies produce chronic stimulation of the follicular cells and release of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism).

Answer 89

Graves Disease

Question 90

Medical Application: DIMINISHED SECRETION OF PTH can cause bones to become more mineralized and denser and striated muscle to exhibit abnormal contractions due to inadequate calcium ion concentrations.

Answer 90

Hypoparathyroidism