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HUMB1000 > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Pituitary gland

A

produces hormones that act on other endocrine glands and controls their hormone production

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2
Q

Thyroid gland

A

only gland that stores hormones until they are needed

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3
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

prepares body for physical activity

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4
Q

Pancreas

A
  • exocrine gland
  • endocrine gland
  • alpha cells
  • beta cells
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5
Q

exocrine gland

A

consists of pancreatic digestive juices

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6
Q

endocrine gland

A

consists of pancreatic islets

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7
Q

alpha cells

A

secrete glucagon

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8
Q

beta cells

A

secrete insulin

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9
Q

glucose levels after a meal vs when you are hungry

A

After a meal you have high blood glucose levels, so the pancreas makes insulin decreasing the blood glucose level
Hungry / fasting you have low blood glucose levels so the pancreas creates glucagon and the liver releases stored glucagon to increase blood glucose levels

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10
Q

structure of the pituitary gland.

A

2 parts
Posterier pituitary (neurohypophysis)
extension of hypothalamus
Axons from hypothalamohypophysial tract
2. Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
secretes hormones
Blood vessels make up Hypothalamohypophysial portal system

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11
Q

hormone

A

Hormones are chemical messengers produced in one part of the body that affects cells in another part of the body

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12
Q

Endocrine

A

can affect distant organs with the correct response

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13
Q

Paracrine

A

regionally active

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14
Q

Autocrine

A

within a cell, from cell to neighbouring cell

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15
Q

negative feedback and give an example

A

inhibition or reduction by the hormone itself
Eg hypothermia
hypothermia cause TRH to be released from neurons in the hypothalamus passing through the Hypothalamohypophysial portal system into the anterior pituitary
TRH causes the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH
TSH causes increase synthesis and release of T3 and T4
T3 and T4 act on the target tissue
This then has an inhibitory effect on the secretion of TRH as the body temp is back to normal and it no longer is hypothermic

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16
Q

positive feedback and give an example.

A

stimulating / producing
Cycle continues until a big change occurs
Eg oxytocin during labour
the stretch of the uterus increases action potentials in axons
Action potentials are sent up to the hypothalamus
Hypothalamus responds by producing oxytocin which travels through axons in the hypothalamohypophysial tract
Oxytocin then enters circulation increasing contractions, and milk ejection
Continues until the baby is born

17
Q

hormones released from the anterior pituitary

A
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • FSH
  • LH
  • GH
  • prolactin
    MSH
18
Q

TSH meaning

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

19
Q

TSH

A

tropic
stimulates thyroid to secrete T3 and T4
increases metabolism
Increases body temp
Increase normal growth and development

20
Q

ACTH meaning

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

21
Q

ACTH

A

tropic
stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol and aldosterone
androgens

22
Q

cortisol

A
  • anti stress
  • regulates glucose
  • regulates blood pressure
23
Q

aldosterone

A

water and sodium balance and blood pressure

24
Q

androgens

A

estrogen and testosterone development and maintenance of some sex characteristics

25
Q

LH meaning

A

Luteinising hormone

26
Q

FSH meaning

A

follicle stimulating hormone

27
Q

LH and FSH

A

tropic
stimulate testes and ovaries to produce testosterone and oestrogen
- stimulate the development of sperm / oocyte and secondary sex characteristics

28
Q

GH meaning

A

growth hormone

29
Q

GH

A

tropic and non tropic
stimulates protein synthesis in liver
Promotes bone and cartilage growth
Peak levels during deep sleep

30
Q

Prolactin

A

non tropic
- breast cells
- role in milk production
Supply and demand: the more the baby sucks the more is produced

31
Q

MSH meaning

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

32
Q

MSH

A

non tropic
skin cells
causes melanocytes to produce more melanin

33
Q

hormones released from the posterior pituitary

A

ADH
Oxytocin

34
Q

ADH meaning

A

Antidiuretic hormone

35
Q

ADH

A

stimulates increased absorption of sodium and water from nephrons so less urine is produce
if BP decreases then the ADH secretion is stimulated
Keeps water in the body
Increases blood volume and therefore blood pressure

36
Q

oxytocin

A

uterine contractions during birth, ejection of milk from lactating breast
positive feedback

37
Q

nervous vs endocrine system

A

Nervous
instant
Milliseconds / seconds
Neurotransmitters
Nerve impulses (axons) Muscles and glands

endocrine
delayed
minutes / days
hormones
blood
cells

38
Q

types of hormone secretion

A

Acute - sudden release due to stimulation eg adrenaline response to stress
Chronic - small variations over long period of time eg thyroid hormones
Episodic - oestrogen and progesterone during menstrual cycle

39
Q

Tropic vs non-tropic

A

Tropic hormones - stimulates the secretion of other hormones from target tissues
Eg LH is released which talks to the gonads to produce testosterone
Non - tropic - initiate an effect

HUMB1000 (12 decks)

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