4. respiratory system

Question 1

functions of respiratory system

Answer 1

• respiration
• blood ph regulation
• sound production
• olfaction
• protection

Question 2

nasal cavity

Answer 2

passageway for air
- hair filters particles
- mucus traps dust

Question 3

pharynx

Answer 3

throat, passage for food and air
- nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharnyx

Question 4

larynx

Answer 4

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

Question 5

trachea

Answer 5

windpipe
Cleansing of air breathed in
Facilitate ease of peristaltic movement in esophagus
Keep airway open

Question 6

bronchial tree

Answer 6

primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Question 7

lungs

Answer 7

located in thoracic cavity
Heart is located on the left side which decreases the size of the left lung
The right lung appears shorter due to the presence of the liver
- right lung has three lobes and separated by 2 fissures, 1 primary bronchi and 3 secondary bronchi
- left lung has 2 lobes and separated by 1 fissure, 1 primary bronchi and 2 secondary bronchi

Question 8

characteristics of respiratory membrane

Answer 8

thickness - thin membrane increase rate of movement of gases
surface area - high surface area increased volume of gas exchange
diffusion coefficient - how easily a gas can diffuse in and out
partial pressure - pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases
moist membranes - gases dissolve in the fluid helping them to diffuse

Question 9

O2 transport

Answer 9

• travels in the blood haemoglobin
  from alveoli to blood
  from blood to tissue

Question 10

CO2 transport

Answer 10

bound to haemoglobin
- form blood to alveoli
- from tissues to blood

Question 11

external respiration

Answer 11

• gas exchange between alveolar air spaces and alveolar capillaries
• gases move from higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure

Question 12

internal respiration

Answer 12

as exchange between tissue capillaries and tissues across capillary walls
- gases move from higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure

Question 13

pleura

Answer 13

Lung is encased in the pleura which consists of a parietal layer and visceral layer
Parietal layer lines the thoracic wall and the visceral layer lines the surface of the lungs
Two layers are separated by pleural fluid
Pleural fluid has 2 functions
Acts as a lubricant allowing the parietal and visceral pleura to slide past each other as the lungs and thoracic wall move
Helps hold the parietal and visceral pleura together

Question 14

Quiet breathing

Answer 14

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive

Question 15

active breathing

Answer 15

expiratory muscles become active and are stimulated to contract

Question 16

movement of air into lungs

Answer 16

Nasal cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - primary bronchus - secondary bronchus - tertiary bronchus - bronchiole - terminal bronchiole - respiratory bronchiole - alveolar duct - alveoli

Question 17

Alveolar ventilation

Answer 17

volume of air available for gas exchange per minute

Question 18

Tidal volume

Answer 18

he amount of air inspired or expired with each breath

Question 19

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 19

the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of tidal volume

Question 20

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 20

the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after expiration of tidal volume

Question 21

Residual volume

Answer 21

the volume of air remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration

Question 22

Pulmonary capacities

Answer 22

the sum of two or more pulmonary volumes

Question 23

Inspiratory capacity

Answer 23

the amount of air a person can inspire and maximally after normal expiration (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume)

Question 24

Functional residual capacity

Answer 24

the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration (expiratory reserve volume + residual volume)

Question 25

Vital capacity

Answer 25

the maximum volume of air that can be expelled form the respiratory tract after maximum inspiration

Question 26

Total lung capacity

Answer 26

inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + residual volume

Question 27

Respiratory rate

Answer 27

number of breaths taken per minute

Question 28

Minute ventilation

Answer 28

total amount of air moved into and out of the respiratory system each minute

Question 29

Anatomic dead space

Answer 29

space formed by nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

Question 30

Forced vital capacity

Answer 30

maximal volume of air that can be forcefully expired as fast as possible after a deep breath in

Question 31

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second

Answer 31

the volume of air expired in the first second of the test

Question 32

Why would your lungs collapse if you were stabbed in the chest?

Answer 32

Stabbing puts pressure into the intrapleural space from the lungs causing the lungs to collapse due to intrapleural pressure increasing more then the intra alveolar pressure

Question 33

Why do we breathe faster during and after exercise?

Answer 33

During exercise we require more energy, oxygen and need more waste to be removed After exercise we have created an oxygen debt and need to repay the oxygen back, extra oxygen is required to metabolise lactic acid and replenish ATP

Question 34

Dynamic lung function

Answer 34

lung volume measured in relation to time Dependent on rate of flow of air Usually determined during repetitive breathing Essential for diagnosis of obstructive lung disease

Question 35

Static lung function

Answer 35

independent of rate of air flow Determined during one maximal inspiration and or expiration

Question 36

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 36

process or moving air into and out of the lungs

Question 37

Boyles law

Answer 37

as volume increases pressure decreases

Question 38

What are the roles of the conchae and meatus

Answer 38

To increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, create more turbulent air flow and increase the likelihood that air will come into contact with the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity

Question 39

How does the nasal cavity warm and humidify air

Answer 39

As air passes over the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity the mucous produced increases the moisture of air. The air is warmed to body temp by the capillaries close to the surface in the nose which carry warm blood

Question 40

Conductive respiratory parts

Answer 40

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Question 41

Respiratory parts

Answer 41

- respiratory bronchioles, alveoli