cells and tissues

Question 1

functions of cells

Answer 1

• cell metabolism
• energy use
• synthesis of molecules
• communication
• reproduction and inheritance

Question 2

plasma membrane

Answer 2

encloses and supports cellular contents
- lipid bilayer
- controls what goes in and out of the cell

Question 3

ribosomes

Answer 3

site of protein synthesis

Question 4

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 4

synthesis and modification of proteins
- ribosomes attached to sides

Question 5

nucleolus

Answer 5

produces ribsomes

Question 6

nucleus

Answer 6

control centre of cell

Question 7

Golgi apparatus

Answer 7

modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids

Question 8

mitochondria

Answer 8

power plant of the cell

Question 9

centrosome

Answer 9

contains centrioles, where cell division occurs

Question 10

microfilaments

Answer 10

support for microvilli, contractibility and movement

Question 11

microtubules

Answer 11

internal scaffold, cell division and transport

Question 12

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 12

site of lipid, steroid and carbohydrate synthesis

Question 13

lysosome

Answer 13

cell demolition crew, digests molecules no longer needed within the cell

Question 14

cytoplasm

Answer 14

fluid material within the cell
- contains cytosol and organelles

Question 15

micrvilli

Answer 15

increase the cells surface area
- dont move

Question 16

intermediate filaments

Answer 16

mechanical strength

Question 17

cilia

Answer 17

movement of substances across the cells surface

Question 18

distinguish between cytoplasm, cytosol and cytoskeleton

Answer 18

cytoplasm - cellular fluid containing organelles
cytosol - intracellular fluid contain mixture of water, salts, dissolved ions and organic molecules
cytoskeleton - gives shape to a cell, provides strength, stabilise the organelles

Question 19

structure of cell membrane

Answer 19

• phospholipid bilayer
• hydrophilic heads
• hydrophobic tails
• contain carboyhdrates proteins

Question 20

histology

Answer 20

study of tissues

Question 21

4 main types of primary tissue

Answer 21

• epithelial tissue
• connective tissue
• muscle tissue
• nervous tissue

Question 22

epithelial tissue characteristics

Answer 22

• covers and protects
• avascular (no blood supply)
• ability to regenerate
• line tubing and the skin
  lots of cells, little extracellular matrix
• free surface and basic surface

Question 23

muscular tissue characteristics

Answer 23

contracts with force to cause movement
- 3 kinds skeletal cardiac and smooth
skeletal - contract to move body
cardiac - contract to pump blood around the body
smooth - contract to decreased size of organ eg bladder during urination

Question 24

connective tissue characteristics

Answer 24

• diverse in structure and function
• fews cells
• lots of extracellular material
• tendons and ligaments connect tissue together
• bone and cartilage support the body
• cover and protect organs

Question 25

nervous tissue characteristics

Answer 25

• info processing and conduction of signals quickly throughout the body
• neurons and supporting neurological cells

Question 26

what type of cells have large numbers of mitochondria

Answer 26

• kidney, liver muscle
• higher energy requirements

Question 27

what cells are multinucleate

Answer 27

skeletal muscle cells
- require more regulation
eg muscle cells require the constant synthesis of enzymes and proteins for their function

Question 28

what cells have large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 28

liver cells
- detoxify harmful substances
adrenal glands - producing cortisol

Question 29

what cells have a well developed and extensive Golgi apparatus

Answer 29

• secretory cells eg goblet cells, plasma cells

Question 30

cell layers

Answer 30

simple - single layer of cells
stratified - more then one layer
pseudo stratified - looks like more then one layer but isn’t they are just different shapes

Question 31

cell shapes

Answer 31

squamous - thin flat cells
cuboidal - cube shaped
columnar - tall cells
transitional - can change from tall to flatter

Question 32

function of basement membrane that lies under epithelial cells

Answer 32

support base / anchoring layer for epithelial cells, forms part of the epithelial barrier

Question 33

3 types of simple epithelium

Answer 33

1. simple sqaumous - blood vessels
2. simple cuboidal - glands for secretion and absorption
3. simple columnar - lines stomach for protection, secretion and absorption

Question 34

two types of stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 34

keratinized - skin, waterproofing
nonkeratinized - vagina, rectum, anus - physical protection against abrasion, pathogens

Question 35

3 types of stratified epithelium

Answer 35

stratified squamous - keratinised and non keratinised
stratified cuboidal - ducts of sweat glands for absorption and secretion
stratified columnar - larynx secretion and protection

Question 36

pseudo stratified columnar

Answer 36

pharynx, trachea - secretion and movement
only type of pseudo stratified cells doesn’t exist in squamous, cuboidal or transitional

Question 37

composition of connective tissue

Answer 37

• cells
• ground substance
  fibers

Question 38

proper connective tissue

Answer 38

loose - areolar, adipose, reticular
dense - regular, irregular and elastic

Question 39

classes of connective tissue

Answer 39

• connective tissue proper
• cartilage
• bone
• blood

Question 40

cartilage

Answer 40

avascular
- provides protections, flexibility
3 types:
- hyaline cartilage
- fibrocartilage
- elastic cartilage

Question 41

bone

Answer 41

• supports and protects body structure
  two types
• spongy bone
• compact bone

Question 42

blood

Answer 42

• doest provide support
• transport for nutrients, wastes and gases

Question 43

Are all cells in the body the same?

Answer 43

No, different cells have their own structural specialties that allow them to perform a particular function