cells and tissues Flashcards
functions of cells
- cell metabolism
- energy use
- synthesis of molecules
- communication
- reproduction and inheritance
plasma membrane
encloses and supports cellular contents
- lipid bilayer
- controls what goes in and out of the cell
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
rough endoplasmic reticulum
synthesis and modification of proteins
- ribosomes attached to sides
nucleolus
produces ribsomes
nucleus
control centre of cell
Golgi apparatus
modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids
mitochondria
power plant of the cell
centrosome
contains centrioles, where cell division occurs
microfilaments
support for microvilli, contractibility and movement
microtubules
internal scaffold, cell division and transport
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
site of lipid, steroid and carbohydrate synthesis
lysosome
cell demolition crew, digests molecules no longer needed within the cell
cytoplasm
fluid material within the cell
- contains cytosol and organelles
micrvilli
increase the cells surface area
- dont move
intermediate filaments
mechanical strength
cilia
movement of substances across the cells surface
distinguish between cytoplasm, cytosol and cytoskeleton
cytoplasm - cellular fluid containing organelles
cytosol - intracellular fluid contain mixture of water, salts, dissolved ions and organic molecules
cytoskeleton - gives shape to a cell, provides strength, stabilise the organelles
structure of cell membrane
- phospholipid bilayer
- hydrophilic heads
- hydrophobic tails
- contain carboyhdrates proteins
histology
study of tissues
4 main types of primary tissue
- epithelial tissue
- connective tissue
- muscle tissue
- nervous tissue
epithelial tissue characteristics
- covers and protects
- avascular (no blood supply)
- ability to regenerate
- line tubing and the skin
lots of cells, little extracellular matrix - free surface and basic surface
muscular tissue characteristics
contracts with force to cause movement
- 3 kinds skeletal cardiac and smooth
skeletal - contract to move body
cardiac - contract to pump blood around the body
smooth - contract to decreased size of organ eg bladder during urination
connective tissue characteristics
- diverse in structure and function
- fews cells
- lots of extracellular material
- tendons and ligaments connect tissue together
- bone and cartilage support the body
- cover and protect organs
nervous tissue characteristics
- info processing and conduction of signals quickly throughout the body
- neurons and supporting neurological cells
what type of cells have large numbers of mitochondria
- kidney, liver muscle
- higher energy requirements
what cells are multinucleate
skeletal muscle cells
- require more regulation
eg muscle cells require the constant synthesis of enzymes and proteins for their function
what cells have large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
liver cells
- detoxify harmful substances
adrenal glands - producing cortisol
what cells have a well developed and extensive Golgi apparatus
- secretory cells eg goblet cells, plasma cells
cell layers
simple - single layer of cells
stratified - more then one layer
pseudo stratified - looks like more then one layer but isn’t they are just different shapes
cell shapes
squamous - thin flat cells
cuboidal - cube shaped
columnar - tall cells
transitional - can change from tall to flatter
function of basement membrane that lies under epithelial cells
support base / anchoring layer for epithelial cells, forms part of the epithelial barrier
3 types of simple epithelium
- simple sqaumous - blood vessels
- simple cuboidal - glands for secretion and absorption
- simple columnar - lines stomach for protection, secretion and absorption
two types of stratified squamous epithelium
keratinized - skin, waterproofing
nonkeratinized - vagina, rectum, anus - physical protection against abrasion, pathogens
3 types of stratified epithelium
stratified squamous - keratinised and non keratinised
stratified cuboidal - ducts of sweat glands for absorption and secretion
stratified columnar - larynx secretion and protection
pseudo stratified columnar
pharynx, trachea - secretion and movement
only type of pseudo stratified cells doesn’t exist in squamous, cuboidal or transitional
composition of connective tissue
- cells
- ground substance
fibers
proper connective tissue
loose - areolar, adipose, reticular
dense - regular, irregular and elastic
classes of connective tissue
- connective tissue proper
- cartilage
- bone
- blood
cartilage
avascular
- provides protections, flexibility
3 types:
- hyaline cartilage
- fibrocartilage
- elastic cartilage
bone
- supports and protects body structure
two types - spongy bone
- compact bone
blood
- doest provide support
- transport for nutrients, wastes and gases
Are all cells in the body the same?
No, different cells have their own structural specialties that allow them to perform a particular function
