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HUMB1000 > 8. nervous system > Flashcards

8. nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the functions of the nervous system

A
  • receive sensory input
  • integrate information
  • Controlling muscles and glands
  • Maintaining homeostasis
  • Establish and maintain mental activity
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2
Q

divisions of the nervous system

A
  1. nervous system
  2. peripheral nervous system and central nervous system
  3. somatic, autonomic, enteric nervous system
  4. from each of the three there is motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent)
  5. comes from the motor of the autonomic nervous system sympathetic and parasympathetic
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3
Q
  1. Central nervous system
A

decision maker of the body
Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

messengers sendings messages to brain and spinal cord
sensory receptors
Cranial nerves: 12 pairs
Spinal nerves: 31 pairs
Ganglia: collection of neuron cell bodies outside of CNS
Plexuses: extensive network of axons outside CNS

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5
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

voluntary
From the CNS to skeletal muscles
Skeletal muscle contracts
Single neuron, one synapse

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6
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary
From the CNS to smooth or cardiac muscle or glands
Two neuron, two synapses

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7
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

nerve plexuses within the wall of the digestive tract
Sensory neurons connect digestive tract to CNS

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8
Q

Sensory division

A

Afferent
Collects input from specialised receptors
Transmits the input as electrical signals to CNS

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9
Q

Motor division

A

Efferent
Transmits electric signals form CNS to effector (muscles, glands)

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10
Q

Sympathetic

A

fight or flight response
Primes the body to act in threatening situations
Quicker response
Eg increased heart rate, sweating

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11
Q

Parasympathetic

A

rest and digest response
Relaxes the body inhibiting high energy functions
Slower response
Eg stimulates digestion

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12
Q

Differentiate between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

A
  1. Somatic nervous system
    voluntary
    From the CNS to skeletal muscles
    Skeletal muscle contracts
    Single neuron, one synapse
  2. Autonomic nervous system
    involuntary
    From the CNS to smooth or cardiac muscle or glands
    Two neuron, two synapses
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13
Q

Contrast the general functions of the CNS and PNS.

A
  1. Central nervous system
    decision maker of the body
    Brain and spinal cord
  2. Peripheral nervous system
    messengers sendings messages to brain and spinal cord
    sensory receptors
    Cranial nerves: 12 pairs
    Spinal nerves: 31 pairs
    Ganglia: collection of neuron cell bodies outside of CNS
    Plexuses: extensive network of axons outside CNS
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14
Q

structure of neurons

A

Neuron - receive information, integrate it and send appropriate response to target
3 main parts
1. Neuron cell body (soma)
2. Dendrites
3. Axon

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15
Q

Neuron cell body (soma)

A

nucleus, nasal bodies, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria

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16
Q

Dendrites

A

highly branched extensions of cell body
Conduct impulses from other axons or nerve cell bodies towards the cell body
Flow of current from tip of dendrites to cell body

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17
Q

Axon

A

vary in length
Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to the presynaptic terminals
The axon branches out into axon terminals, at the end of these terminals are knobs called synaptic knobs
Synaptic knobs: axon endings
Myelin sheath: schwan cells around axon
Node of ranvier: area in between the schwan cells

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18
Q

Multipolar

A

Several dendrites and one axon

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19
Q

Bipolar

A

One dendrite and one axon
Retina or eye, nasal cavity

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20
Q

Unipolar

A

One axon split into 2

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21
Q

Sensory neuron

A

conduct action potential from sensory receptors to CNS
Afferent neuron
Axons found in CNS
cell bodies are outside the CNS in dorsal root ganglion

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22
Q

Motor neuron

A

conduct action potation away from CNS towards muscles or glands
Efferent neuron
Axon in muscle or gland
Cell bodies in the CNS

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23
Q

Interneuron

A

conduct action potential within CNS from one neuron to another

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24
Q

neuroglial cells in the CNS and PNS

A

CNS
- Microglial cells
- Oligodendrocytes
- Astrocytes
PNS
- Schwann cells
- Satellite cells

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25
Microglial cells
in CNS immune cells Become active, mobile and phagocytic in response to inflammation Phagocytose foreign substances, necrotic tissue, pathogens
26
Oligodendrocytes
in CNS have cytoplasmic extensions that wrap around axon forming myelin sheath Each cell can enclose multiple axons
27
Astrocytes
in CNS highly branched cytoplasmic processes with end feet Scaffold CNS cells and capillaries, control blood brain barrier permeability, form glial scar during injury, synaptic support Form scar tissue around injury to promote recovery and prevent further injury
28
Schwann cells
in PNS have cytoplasmic extensions that wrap around axon forming myelin sheath Insulation of axons, saltatory conduction of action potential 1 schwann cell = 1 axon
29
Satellite cells
in PNS surround neuron cell bodies in sensory and autonomic ganglia Provide support and nutrition to cell bodies Protects neurons from heavy metal poisons
30
resting membrane potential
the difference in charge across the cell membrane in a resting cell - RMP caused by leak ion channels and the Na+/K+ pump 1. Resting membrane potential 2. Depolarisation 3. Repolarisation 4. End of repolarisation and the after potential 5. Resting membrane potential
31
1. Resting membrane potential
all gates Na+ and K+ channels are closed K+ leak channels are open which allow movement of K+ outside of the cell = negative intracellular charge, positive extracellular charge
32
2. Depolarisation
Na+ voltage gated channels open and Na+ moves into the cell and inside of the cell becomes more positive K+ channels are closed Membrane potential becomes more positive Creates an action potential = moving the depolarisation along the membrane from one location to the next
33
3. Repolarisation
Na+ channels close K+ channels open and K+ moves out of the cell Membrane potential becomes more negative and outside the cell becomes positive Wants to go back to its original membrane potential
34
4. End of repolarisation and the after potential
Na+ channels close K+ channels close slower so K+ continues to leave the cell and this produces the after potential Membrane potential becomes very negative
35
5. Resting membrane potential
Na+ and K+ channels are closed Resting membrane potential is re-established by Na+/K+ pump which redistributes ions as all Na+ and K+ channels are closed
36
All or none concept
magnitude will stay the same or if the threshold isn’t reached then there will be no action potential, no such thing as a smaller action potential
37
Refractory period
another action potential cannot be generated at this time
38
Describe the characteristics of stimulating a neuron.
- a neuron that is stimulated causes voltage gated Na+ channels to open and Na+ moves into the cell, the voltage gated K+ channels remain closed
39
Describe the effect of myelination on the speed of action potential conduction.
Schwann cells wrap themselves around the axon and cover it with myelin At the end of the schwann cells is a segment no covered by the sheath = node of ranvier Saltatory conduction occurs in all myelinated axons Resting membrane potential is changed at the exposed nodes of ranvier The impulse jumps between the nodes increasing the speed of conduction
40
synapse
junction of a neuron with another cell
41
Electrical synapse
less common, electric signal, only in cardiac and some smooth muscles
42
Chemical synapse
most common, uses chemical messenger, a neurotransmitter to transmit AP across synapse
43
Components of synapse
pre synaptic terminal Pre synaptic membrane Post synaptic membrane Synaptic cleft Neurotransmitters Synaptic vesicles
44
Events that occur at synapse
Action potential arrives at pre-synaptic terminal Calcium channels open and calcium ions diffuse into the cell and act on vesicles Vesicles (containing neurotransmitters) move to the presynaptic membrane Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft Neurotransmitters bind to receptors of ion channels on the post synaptic membrane Ion channels open allowing diffusion of ions into the post synaptic cell Neurotransmitters removed from synapse by enzyme activity
45
Neurotransmitter release
Action potentials arriving at the presynaptic terminal cause gated Ca2+ channels to open Ca2+ diffused into the cell and stimulates exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles which releases neurotransmitter molecules Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse from the presynaptic terminal across the synaptic cleft Neurotransmitter molecules combine with their receptor sites and cause ligand gated Na+ channels to open. Na+ diffuses into the cell and causes depolarisation
46
Neurotransmitter removal
Acetylcholine molecules bind to their receptors Acetylcholine molecules unbind from their receptors Acetylcholinesterase splits acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid which prevents acetylcholine from binding to its receptors. Choline is taken up by the presynaptic terminal Choline is used to make new acetylcholine molecules that are packaged into synaptic vesicles Other acetylcholine molecules simply diffuse into the extracellular fluid away from the synaptic cleft
47
Reflex
automatic response to stimulus without the higher brain involvement rapid, predictable and unlearnt Eg spoon on knee Somatic or autonomic
48
Types of reflexes
somatic : involves skeletal muscles Autonomic: involves smooth or cardiac muscles or body organs Eg shining light into the eyes, the pupils adjust Monosynaptic: simple neuronal pathway, sensory synapses with motor neuron, one synapse Polysynaptic: complex pathway, multiple synapse with interneurons eg knee jerk reflex
49
Reaction
voluntary response to the stimulus slower then a reflex as it has to travel to the brain before the reaction occurs Reaction time improves through repetition Eg catching a ball, dodging an incoming object
50
Cranial nerves:
12 pairs
51
Spinal nerves
31 pairs
52
Ganglia
collection of neuron cell bodies outside of CNS
53
Plexuses
extensive network of axons outside CNS
54
Neuron (nerve cell)
basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system
55
Neuroglia
major supporting cells of neurons
56
Axon
nerve fibre
57
Nerve
bundle of axons and their sheaths
58
Sensory receptors
seperate specialised cells which detect temperature, pain, touch, pressure, light, sound
59
Action potentials
electrical signal
60
Effector organ or effect cell
the organ, tissue or cell in which an effect or an action takes place
61
Membrane potential
measure of electrical properties of cell membrane
62
Grey matter
consists of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, ganglia, unmyelinated axons - in middle of spinal cord
63
White matter
few cell bodies, white due to myelin sheath Lies on inner side in brain but on periphery in spinal cord

HUMB1000 (12 decks)

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