Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HUMB1000 > compendium 12\ > Flashcards

compendium 12\ Flashcards

1
Q

structure of proteins

A

long chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

functions of proteins

A

Regulation -
Transport -
Protection -
Contraction -
Structure -
Energy -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

structure of proteins

A

Primary - sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Secondary - folding of proteins, two main types = alpha helices and beta sheets. Results from hydrogen bonds
Tertiary - the 3d shape determined by the folding
Quaternary - combined 3D structure of 2 or more polypeptide chains
Eg haemoglobin consists of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Two types of proteins

A

fibrous
globular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

fibrous proteins

A

single, elongated polypeptide chains
Insoluble in water and stable
Provide support and strength
Less sensitive to changes in temp and pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

globular proteins

A

polypeptide chains folded into compact shape
Water soluble
Mobile, chemically active
Sensitive to changes in temp and pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

structure of nucleic acids

A

large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

DNA

A

2 strands, double helix
deoxyribose
ATCG
very long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

RNA

A

1 strand
ribose
AUCG
shorter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

components of a nucleotide

A

pentose sugar - deoxyribose or ribose
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base - adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Genetic code

A

specific arrangement of nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

transcription

A

occurs in nucleus
DNA to mRNA
DNA has 2 strands, coding strand and template strand
Two strands unzip
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region
Genetic info is copied from the template strand of DNA to make a strand of mRNA
Transcription ends at the terminator sequence
mRNA exists nucleus through nuclear pores into the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

translation

A

occurs in cytoplasm
mRNA to protein
Carries genetic info from nucleus to ribosomes
Translation starts at the start codon (AUG)
Each codon codes for a specific amino acid
As each codon is read tRNA with a complimentary anticodon binds to each triplet
The tRNA carries the amino acid specific for that codon
Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

post translational modification

A

chemical modification of a protein following translation
Modified by attaching functional groups which can change or extend its function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

role of mRNA

A

takes the information from the genes (DNA) in the nucleus out to the ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

role of tRNA

A

transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome and lines them up opposite their mRNA codon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

role of r RNA

A

major structural component of the ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

role of r RNA

A

major structural component of the ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cell cycle

A

spends majority of its time in interphase
Interphase: phase between cell divisions, has 3 stages
G1 - routine metabolism
Synthesis phase - DNA replication
G2 - prepare for division
Mitosis: series of events that leads to production of 2 somatic cells by division, cells are genetically identical
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis - division of cell cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mitosis

A

IPMAT
Interphase - cell undergoes normal growth and metabolic process and prepares to divide
3 parts
G1 - normal metabolic activities
S - DNA replicates producing 2 identical copies of each chromosome
G2 - cell prepares for division, organelles replicate
Prophase - chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell, spindle fibres form and move towards equator, nuclear envelope forms
- chromatin condenses so that the DNA is protected during cell division and easier to divide in half
Metaphase - chromosomes align in the middle of the cell, spindle fibres attach to centromeres of the chromosomes
Anaphase - chromatids separate and move towards centriole, cleavage forms
Telophase - migration of chromosomes is complete, nuclear envelopes reform, continue to split into two cells
Cytokinesis - division of organelles and cytoplasm, results in 2 daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe how mitosis differs from meiosis.

A

In meiosis they can undergo crossing over
During the second stage the cell divides and pulls one of each pair of homologous chromosomes into the daughter creating haploid number

22
Q

meiosis

A

germ cells divide producing gametes
1 replication, 2 divisions
Early prophase 1
chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell, spindle fibres form and move towards equator
2. Middle prophase 1
homologous crossing over = DNA is exchanged between adjacent chromatids results in new gene combination and human variation
3. Metaphase 1
chromosomes align in the middle of the cell, spindle fibres attach to centromeres of the chromosomes, random assortment of chromosomes
4. Anaphase 1
chromosomes separate and move towards centriole, cleavage forms
Chromosomes dont split like mitosis
5. Telophase 1
migration of chromosomes is complete, nuclear envelopes form, continue to split into two cells
Two non identical cells
No replication before meiosis 2
6. Prophase 2
each chromosome has 2 chromatids
7. Metaphase 2
chromosomes align in the middle of the cell, spindle fibres attach to centromeres of the chromosomes
8. Anaphase 2
chromatids separate and move towards centriole, cleavage forms
9. Telophase 2
migration of chromosomes is complete, nuclear envelopes form, continue to split into 4 cells each with 23 chromosomes (haploid)

23
Q

amino acids

A

20 amino acids
- Each amino acid has an amine group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom and a side chain (R)

24
Q

Dipeptide

A

2 amino acids

25
Q

Oligopeptide

A

3-10 amino acids

26
Q

Polypeptide

A

10 or more amino acids

27
Q

Protein

A

50 or more amino acids

28
Q

Peptide

A

short chain of amino acids 2 or more amino acids

29
Q

Histone

A

dna wrapped around proteins

30
Q

Chromatin

A

histones and DNA bundled together

31
Q

Chromosomes

A

chromatin twists and condensed together

32
Q

Karyotype

A

map of chromosomes in a dividing cell

33
Q

Somatic cells

A

23 pairs of chromosomes diploid

34
Q

Gamete cells

A

23 chromosomes haploid

35
Q

Germ cells

A

give rise to gametes, located in gonads

36
Q

Autosomal chromosomes

A

humans have 22 pairs

37
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

humans have 1 pair, either XY (male) or XX (female)

38
Q

Genetics

A

study of heredity

39
Q

Gene expression

A

production of proteins from the information stored in DNA, involves two steps transcription and translation

40
Q

Gene

A

segment of dna that codes for a protein

41
Q

Allele

A

alternative form of a gene

42
Q

Genotype

A

the actual gene eg AA, Aa, aa

43
Q

Phenotype

A

physical characteristic eg colour of hair or eyes

44
Q

Proteome

A

all proteins that the cell makes

45
Q

Proteomics

A

study of proteins in a cell

46
Q

Sex linked traits

A

traits affected by genes on the sex chromosomes

47
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

pairs of chromosomes where one is from the father and one from mother

48
Q

Locus

A

location of a gene on a chromosome

49
Q

Zygote

A

egg and sperm join to form a zygote

50
Q

Diploid

A

full amount of DNA, eg all cells in the body except for gametes

51
Q

Haploid

A

half the amount of DNA eg gametes (egg and sperm)

HUMB1000 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions