compendium 1

Question 1

levels of organisation within the body

Answer 1

Chemical - DNA, RNA
Cell - smooth muscle cell, red blood cell
Tissue - nervous, connective, muscle epithelial
Organ - lung, stomach, brain, heart
Organ system - respiratory, renal, cardiovascular
Organism - human, elephant

Question 2

anatomy

Answer 2

structure of organisms and their parts
- viewing an organism

Question 3

physiology

Answer 3

normal functions of living organisms
- eg measuring blood pressure

Question 4

levels of anatomy

Answer 4

1. gross anatomy - without microscope eg body systems
2. surface anatomy - external body
3. microscopic - eg papsmear
4. developmental - structural change which occurs within the body

Question 5

levels of physiology

Answer 5

• molecular
• cellular
• systematic

Question 6

characteristics of an organism (alive or not)

Answer 6

1. organisation - how they perform their functions
2. metabolism - the ability to use energy
3. responsiveness - ability to sense, adjust and react to situations
4. growth - increase in size and number of cells
5. development - change an organism undergoes through time
6. reproduction - formation of new cells and organisms

Question 7

homeostasis

Answer 7

maintenance of a relatively constant environment inside the human body
eg body temp

Question 8

anatomical position

Answer 8

erect person, facing forward, palm forward, feet forward
- standard reference to describe body parts used between doctors and pharmacists

Question 9

superior

Answer 9

toward the head

Question 10

inferior

Answer 10

toward the feet

Question 11

anterior

Answer 11

towards the front

Question 12

posterior

Answer 12

toward the back

Question 13

proximal

Answer 13

close to
-reference to limbs

Question 14

distal

Answer 14

far from
- limbs

Question 15

medial

Answer 15

towards the midline

Question 16

lateral

Answer 16

away from the midline

Question 17

superficial

Answer 17

closer to the surface

Question 18

deep

Answer 18

towards the interior of the body

Question 19

body planes

Answer 19

• sagital
• frontal
• transverse
• oblique

Question 20

frontal body plane

Answer 20

separates body into front and back

Question 21

sagital body plane

Answer 21

separates body into left and right

Question 22

transverse body plane

Answer 22

separates body into top and bottom

Question 23

oblique body plane

Answer 23

on an angle

Question 24

three trunk cavities

Answer 24

• thoracic
• abdominal
• pelvic

Question 25

abdomen quadrants

Answer 25

• right upper - appendix
• left upper - spleen
• right lower - urinary bladder
• left lower - urinary bladde

Question 26

abdomen regions

Answer 26

• right hypochondriac - liver
• epigastric region - liver, stomach, pancreas
• left hypochondriac
• right lumbar region
• umbilical region
• left lumbar region
• right iliac
• hypogastric region - urinary bladder
• left iliac region - large intestine

Question 27

serous membranes

Answer 27

• line the body cavities covering the organs
  eg balloon and fist

Question 28

pericardium

Answer 28

around the heart

Question 29

pleura

Answer 29

membrane surrounding lungs

Question 30

peritoneum

Answer 30

membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

Question 31

Minor vs major disturbances of homeostasis

Answer 31

Minor - easy to recover from eg sunburn, increased heart rate with exercise
Major - may never completely recover eg stroke

Question 32

Why do we need serous membranes lining body cavities?

Answer 32

Reduces friction and protects the organs when they move against each other or the cavity wall

Question 33

Parietal serous membrane

Answer 33

lines the body cavity

Question 34

Visceral serous membrane

Answer 34

lines internal organs