Endocrine System Flashcards
What influences the processing of calcium by bone cells by reducing blood calcium levels and promoting conservation of hard bone matrix
Calcitonin
Regulation of high blood calcium levels:
High blood calcium level→ (Calcitonin secretion increase) → Breakdown of bone matrix decreases(Ca++ level in blood decreases) → Normal blood calcium level
Regulation of low blood calcium levels:
Low blood calcium level→ (Parathyroid hormone secretion increases) → Breakdown of bone matrix increases(Ca++ level in blood rises) → Normal blood calcium level
What are the 2 portions of the Adrenal glands?
Adrenal cortex: Composed of endocrine tissue
Adrenal medulla: Composed of neurosecretory tissue
What is the function of the endocrine system ?
Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream. This lets the hormones travel to cells in other parts of the body. The endocrine hormones help control mood, growth and development, the way our organs work, metabolism , and reproduction.
Whats the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
Exocrine glands secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface
Endocrine glands secrete products directly into the bloodstream
How does the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system work?
Kidney: Drop in blood pressure triggers JGA to secrete renin → renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1→ Angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE) in lung capillaries converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 → Angiotensin 2 circulates to adrenal cortex and triggers secretion of aldosterone → Aldosterone causes kidney to retain sodium and water, thereby increase blood volume & pressure
What happens when your blood glucose is low?
Low blood glucose level → Glucose release by liver increases (increased glucagon secretion by pancreatic islets) → normal blood glucose level
Low blood glucose level →Glucose uptake by cells decreases (decreased Insulin secretion by pancreatic islets) → normal blood glucose
What happens when your blood glucose is high?
High blood glucose level →Glucose release by liver decreases(decreased glucagon secretion by pancreatic islets)→ normal blood glucose
High blood glucose level →Glucose uptake by cells increases (Increased Insulin secretion by pancreatic islets)→ normal blood glucose
What tends to increase blood glucose levels and to stimulate gluconeogenesis in liver cells?
Glucagon
What lowers the blood concentration of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids and promotes their metabolism by tissue cells
Insulin
What hormones is released by the Posterior Lobe of Pituitary?
- ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
- Oxytocin
Oxytocin (OT)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- posterior pituitary
- uterus, mammary glands
- stimulates and intensifies uterine contractions during birth, and causes milk ejection
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- posterior pituitary gland
- kidney tubules
- water reabsorption
What is the adenohypophysis and what tissue is it made up of?
anterior pituitary
endocrine tissue
What 6 hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce and secrete?
- Thyroid stimulating hormone
- adrenocorticotropic hormone
- follicle stimulating hormone
- luteinizing hormone
- growth hormone
- prolactin
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- anterior pituitary
- thyroid
- stims. the release of thyroid hormone (T3, T4)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- anterior pituitary
- adrenal cortex
- stims. the release of cortisols from the adrenal cortex
Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- anterior pituitary
- gonads (testis and ovaries)
- Testis: spermatogenesis
- Ovaries: development of ovarian follicles and estrogen development
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- anterior pituitary
- gonads (tesis, ovaries)
- Testis: stims. the release of testosterone
- Ovaries: stims. ovulation and the release of progesterone
Growth Hormone (GH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- anterior pituitary
- all tissues
- promotes the growth and development of body tissues and lipid metabolism
Prolactin (PRL)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- anterior pituitary
- mammary glands
- Prepartum: prepares the breasts for milk production- Postpartum: stimulates milk production
What hormones are released by the Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)?
1.Insulin
2.Glucagon
Where is the Pituitary Gland located?
Located on the ventral surface of the brain within the skull
What are the tropic hormones?
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
What is the function of Neurohypophysis?
Serves as a storage and release site for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT)
What 2 hormones does the thyroid produce and secrete?
- thyroid hormone
- calcitonin
T3 (Triiodothyronine)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- thyroid
- most tissues
- along with T4, it stims. and controls BMR, growth and development
T4 (Thyroxine, Tetraiodothyronine)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- thyroid
- most tissues
- along with T3, it stims. and controls BMR, growth and development
Calcitonin (CT)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- thyroid
- bone tissue
- reduces blood calcium levels
How does calcitonin lower blood calcium levels?
- works opposite to PTH
- Inhibits the activity of osteoclasts and increases the activity of osteoblasts
- Decreasing the retention of Ca++ in the kidneys
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- parathyroids
- bone, intestines, kidneyes
- increases blood calcium levels
What 3 hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?
- Aldosterone
- Cortisol
- Androgens
Aldosterone
- What gland secretes it?
- What type of hormone is it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
- mineralcorticoid
- Mostly kidneys
- Increase blood sodium lvls and BP (blood vol)
Cortisol (Cortisone, Corticosterone)
- What gland secretes it?
- What type of hormone is it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex
- glucocorticoid
- all tissues
- stress response, increase blood glucose lvls by initiating gluconeogenesis
Androgens
- What gland secretes it?
- What type of hormone is it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex
- gonadocorticoid
- gonads
- Stimulates puberty, and helps produce sex hormones
What helps to regulate the metabolic rate of all cells, cell growth, and tissue differentiation; it is said to have a “general” target?
Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
What is produced by the Thyroid gland in the parafollicular cells?
Calcitonin (CT)
What is is an antagonist to calcitonin and the primary hormone that maintains calcium homeostasis?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What are the 3 distinct layers of secreting cells that compose the adrenal cortex?
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
What is the function of the Zona glomerulosa?
Outer layer
Secretes aldosterone: increase blood pressure (controls sodium electrolyte)
What is the function of the Zona fasciculata
Middle layer
Secretes cortisol
Metabolism of glucose, proteins, and fat
What is the function of the Zona reticularis
Inner layer
Secretes steroid hormone: testosterone
What are the Adrenal Hormones:
Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids
What hormones play an important role in the processing of electrolytes in the body?
Adrenal Hormones:Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids
Aldosterone:
Only physiologically important mineralocorticoid in the human body
Increases water retention and promotes loss of potassium and hydrogen ions
Glucocorticoids:
Main glucocorticoids secreted by the zona fasciculata are cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone; cortisol is the only one secreted in significant quantities
What 2 neurotransmitters does the adrenal medulla release?
- epinephrine (adrenaline)
- norepinephrine
Epinephrine
- What gland releases it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- adrenal medulla
- all tissues
- stims. fight-or-flight response to stress, affects metabolism, heart rate and energy output
Norepinephrine (NE)
- What gland releases it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- adrenal medulla
- all tissues
- stims. fight-or-flight response to stress, affects metabolism, heart rate and energy outpu
Pancreatic Islets tissues & cells?
It is composed of endocrine and exocrine tissues
Each islet contains five primary types of endocrine cells joined by gap junctions:
Alpha cells (α cells)
Beta cells (β cells)
Delta cells (δ cells)
Pancreatic polypeptide cells (F or PP cells)
Epsilon cells (ε cells)
What is the function of the Alpha cells (α cells) ?
2nd most frequent
Secretes glucagon: breakdown of glycogen
What is the function of the Beta cells (β cells)?
most common
Secretes insulin throughout the body
What is the function of the Delta cells (δ cells)?
Secretes somatostatin: prevent the release of pancreatic hormones, including insulin, glucagon and gastrin, and pancreatic enzymes.
What are the Pancreatic Hormones and what are their functions?
Glucagon: Tends to increase blood glucose levels and to stimulate gluconeogenesis in liver cells
Insulin: Lowers the blood concentration of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids and promotes their metabolism by tissue cells
Melatonin
- What gland secretes it
?- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- pineal gland
- many tissues
- regulates circadian rhythm
Testosterone
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- male gonads (testis)
- male reproductive organs
- the principal male sex hormone, it promotes sperm maturation, development of male secondary sex characteristics
What 2 main hormones do the ovaries secrete?
- Estrogens
- Progesterones
ACTH:
Adrenocorticotrpic hormone
DM:
Diabetes Mellitus
GTT:
Glucose tolerance test
HbA1c:
Hemoglobin A1c
K+ :
potassium
Na+ :
Sodium
T3:
Triiodothyronine
T4:
Thyroxine
TSH:
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adrenopathy:
Disease of the Adrenal Gland
Adrenalectomy:
surgical removal of adrenal gland
hypophyseal:
pertaining to pituitary gland
Oophoritis:
Inflammation of ovary
Ovarian Cyst:
Ovary without sac of fluid
ovari/o- ovary
an- without
cyst/o- sac of fluid
Orchitis:
inflammation of testis
Orch/o- testes of testis
itis- inflammation
Orchiopexy:
surgical fixation of testis
Orchi/o- testis, testes
Pexy- surgical fixation
Orchidectomy:
surgical removal of testicles
orchid/o- testis, testes
ectomy- surgical removal
Pancreatectomy:
surgical removal of pancreas
Pancreat/o- pancreas
ectomy- surgical removal
Hyperparathyroidism:
Condition of too much parathyroid hormones
Hypopituitarism:
condition of too little pituitary gland hormones
Thyroadenitis:
Inflammation of thyroid gland
thyr/o- thyroid
aden/o- gland
itis- inflammation
Thyroidectomy:
Surgical removal of thyroid gland
Thyroid/o- thyroid gland
Ectomy- surgal removal
Acromegaly:
Enlargement of extremities caused by hyper-secretion from anterior portion of the pituitary gland after puberty.
Acr/o- extremities
Megaly- enlargement
Crushing Syndrome:
Group of clinical features produced by excess secretion of cortisol.
Diabetes mellitus:
Disorder of the pancreas that causes an increase in glucose levels
Goiter:
Enlargement of the thyroid gland
Hyperthyroidism:
condition of increased activity of thyroid gland
hyper- increased, excessive
thyroid/o- thyroid gland
ism- condition
Fasting blood sugar glucose test:
Measurement of glucose levels in blood taken from fasting patient.
Serum and urine tests:
Measurement of hormones, electrolytes, and glucose levels in blood and urine as indicators of endocrine function.
Thyroid function test:
Measurement of levels of T4, T3, and TSH in bloodstream.
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?
- posterior pituitary gland
- kidney tubules
- water reabsorption
