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Anatomy > Cardiovascular System (Heart, vessels, blood) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System (Heart, vessels, blood) Flashcards

1
Q

Location of the Heart:

A

Heart is located within the thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs in the space known as the mediastinum and sits in its own space called the pericardial cavity

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2
Q

What act as a receiving chamber and contracts to push blood into lower chamber?

A

Atrias

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3
Q

What serve as the primary pumping chamber of the heart by propelling blood into the lungs or the rest of the body?

A

Ventricles

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4
Q

What is Fibrous pericardium made of and whats its purpose:

A

Made of tough, dense irregular connective tissue that protects the heart and maintains its position in the thorax

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5
Q

Serous pericardium:

A

Consists of two layers:
1. The parietal pericardium, which is fused to the fibrous pericardium
2. The inner visceral pericardium, or epicardium, which is fused to the heart and is part of the heart wall

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6
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity and what is it filled with:

A

Filled with lubricating serous fluid, lies between the epicardium and the parietal pericardium

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7
Q

Pericardial membrane:

A

Surrounds the heart consists of three layers and the pericardial cavity

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8
Q

What do the the pericardial membrane and the heart wall share?

A

The epicardium or visceral pericardium

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9
Q

What transports blood to and from the lungs ?

A

pulmonary circuit

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10
Q

What transports oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body and returns relatively deoxygenated blood to the heart?

A

Systemic circuit

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11
Q

Describe the path of blood from the body through the heart

A

Superior/Inferior Vena Cava -> Right Atrium -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary trunk -> Pulmonary arteries -> Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins -> Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle ->Aorta

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12
Q

What can initially be viewed as gasses?

A

Pulmonary and Systemic circuits can initially be viewed as gasses

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13
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Pulmonary capillaries: where gas exchange occurs: Carbon dioxide exits the blood and oxygen enters pulmonary trunk arteries

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14
Q

What artery carries deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary arteries

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15
Q

What is the only arteries in the body that carry relatively deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary trunk arteries

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16
Q

Atrioventricular valves:

A

Valves located between the atria and ventricles

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17
Q

Semilunar valves:

A

Valves at the openings that lead to the pulmonary trunk and aorta

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18
Q

How many layers does the heart wall have?

A

3 layers of unequal thickness

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19
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A
  1. Endocardium (inner)
  2. Myocardium (middle)
  3. Epicardium (outer)
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20
Q

Endocardium: Innermost layer

A
  1. Joined to the myocardium with a thin layer of connective tissue
  2. Endocardium lines the chambers where the blood circulates and covers the heart valves
  3. Simple squamous epithelium called endothelium, which is continuous with the endothelial lining of the blood vessels
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21
Q

Myocardium: Middle layer

A
  1. Made of collagenous fibers, plus the blood vessels that supply the myocardium and the nerve fibers that help regulate the heart
  2. Contraction of the myocardium pumps blood through the heart and into the major arteries
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22
Q

Epicardium: Outer layer:

A

It is composed of mesothelial cells, fat, and connective tissue

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23
Q

How does blood flow in the heart according to the pressure gradient?

A

Move from higher in pressure to lower in pressure

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24
Q

Diastole:

A

Relaxation of the heart

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25
Q

Atrial systole:

A

Contraction of atria

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26
Q

Ventricular systole:

A

Pressure rises in the ventricles, pumping blood into the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle and into the aorta from the left ventricle

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27
Q

Action potential:

A

Triggers the muscles in the atria to contract (atrial systole)

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28
Q

Systemic arteries:

A

Provide blood rich in oxygen to the body’s tissues

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29
Q

Pulmonary circuit arteries:

A

Carry blood low in oxygen exclusively to the lungs for gas exchange.

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30
Q

Systemic veins:

A

Return deoxygenated blood to the heart.

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31
Q

Pulmonary veins:

A

Return freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart to be pumped back out into systemic circulation

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32
Q

Artery structure:

A

Muscular tube lined by smooth tissue

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33
Q

Vein structure:

A

Three layers: The intima, the inner layer lined by a smooth tissue called endothelium
Although all the layers are present, there is less smooth muscle and connective tissue.

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34
Q

what is a lumen?

A

A hollow passageway through which blood flows

35
Q

Direction of blood flow in the arteries:

A

Conducts blood away from the heart

36
Q

Direction of blood flow in the veins:

A

Conducts blood toward the heart

37
Q

Arteries general appearance:

A

Rounded

38
Q

Vein general appearance:

A

Irregular, often collapsed

39
Q

What is level of pressure in the arteries:

A

High

40
Q

What is level of pressure in the Veins:

A

Low

41
Q

What does a vein have that an artery does not?

A

Valves

42
Q

What is the purpose of Valves:

A

Assist the unidirectional flow of blood toward the heart

43
Q

Vasa Vasorum:

A

Network of small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels, such as elastic arteries and large veins

44
Q

Tunica Intima (tunica interna):

A

Inner most layer
Epithelial and connective tissue layer

simple squamous epithelium called the endothelium

Next to the endothelium is the basement membrane, that effectively binds the endothelium to the connective tissue

Basement membrane: provides strength while maintaining flexibility, and it is permeable, allowing materials to pass through it

45
Q

Tunica Media:

A

Middle layer of the vessel wall

generally the thickest layer in arteries

Much thicker in arteries than it is in veins

consists of layers of smooth muscle supported by connective tissue that is primarily made up of elastic fibers, most of which are arranged in circular sheets

46
Q

Tunica Externa (tunica adventitia):

A

Outer layer of blood vessel wall
Sheath of connective tissue composed primarily of collagenous fibers

Some bands of elastic fibers are found here as well

Veins also contains groups of smooth muscle fibers

Normally the thickest tunic in veins and may be thicker than the tunica media in some larger arteries

47
Q

What are Continuous Capillaries (most common type) characterized by?

A

Complete endothelial lining with tight junctions between endothelial cells

Tight junction: Usually impermeable and only allows for the passage of water and ions

Metabolic products, such as glucose, water, and small hydrophobic molecules like gases and hormones, as well as various leukocytes

48
Q

Where are Continuous Capillaries found?

A

Found in almost all vascularized tissues

49
Q

What are Fenestrated Capillaries characterized by?

A

Contains pores (or fenestrations) in addition to tight junctions in the endothelial lining

Permeable to larger molecules

50
Q

Where are Fenestrated capillaries found?

A

Small intestine: primary site of nutrient absorption
kidneys: which filter the blood

51
Q

What are Sinusoid Capillaries (least common type) characterized by?

A

Flattened, and they have extensive intercellular gaps and incomplete basement membranes, intercellular clefts and fenestrations

Very large openings allow for the passage of the largest molecules, including plasma proteins and even cells

Blood flow through sinusoids is very slow, allowing more time for exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes

52
Q

Where are Sinusoid Capillaries found?

A

Found in the liver and spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes , and many endocrine glands including the pituitary and adrenal glands

53
Q

Components of Blood:

A

Plasma and formed elements

54
Q

Components of Plasma:

A

90% water and 10% dissolved proteins, amino acids, gases, electrolytes, sugars, hormones, lipids, and vitamins

55
Q

what are the most significant elements of plasma?

A

albumin, immunoglobulins (antibodies), and fibrinogen

56
Q

Components of Serum:

A

Serum is plasma without its clotting factors

Serum is formed when blood is collected in a glass or plastic tube and is induced to clot

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin forms strands that trap all of the cellular elements

57
Q

Components of Formed Elements:

A

Formed elements comprise 45% of blood volume

99% are RBCs, with white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets making up the rest

58
Q

Function of the red blood cells?

A

RBCs carry hemoglobin, the iron-containing oxygen transport protein that gives blood its red color

59
Q

How long does a single RBC remains in the peripheral circulation before being removed by the liver, bone marrow, or spleen?

A

120 days

60
Q

Function of the White blood cells?

A

Protect the body against infection

61
Q

What are the 5 types of WBCs:

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
  4. Monocytes
  5. Lymphocytes
62
Q

What are the different types of lymphocytes:

A

T cells: Roles include directly killing infected host cells
B cells: antibody producing cells to fight bacteria and viruses

Natural killer cells: Innate immune system that control several types of tumors and microbial infections

63
Q

Function of Neutrophils

A

Most common first responders to microbial infections (Bacterial or fungal)

64
Q

Function of Eosinophils

A

Parasitic infections and allergic reactions (Inflammatory)

65
Q

Function of Basophils

A

Allergic and antigen response (releases histamine causing vasodilation)

66
Q

Function of Lymphocytes

A

Include B cells, CD4+ helper T cells,
Operate primarily in lymphatic system

67
Q

Function of Monocytes

A

Phagocytosis of pathogens (Phagocytosis: cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles)

presentation of antigens to Tcells

They become tissue macrophages, which remove dead cell debris and attack microorganisms

68
Q

Where are platelets created?

A

Platelets are created in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes

69
Q

How long do platelets remain in circulation?

A

Remains in circulation for 9 to 12 days

70
Q

Hemostasis:

A

Refers to the processes by which blood vessels are repaired after injury

71
Q

What are the 4 stages of Hemostasis:

A
  1. Vascular Phase
  2. Platelet Phase
  3. Coagulation Phase
  4. Fibrinolysis
72
Q

AMI:

A

Acute Myocardial Infarction

73
Q

BP:

A

Blood pressure

74
Q

CAD:

A

Coronary artery disease

75
Q

CCU:

A

Coronary care unit

76
Q

CHF:

A

Congestive heart failure

77
Q

CPR:

A

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

78
Q

ECG:

A

Electrocardiography

79
Q

ECHO:

A

Echocardiography

80
Q

HDL:

A

High density lipoprotein

81
Q

HTN:

A

Hypertension

82
Q

LDL:

A

Low-density lipoprotein

83
Q

What are the tiny blood vessels that lie near cells and through whose walls gases, food, and wastes can pass?

A

Tissue capillaries

84
Q

What are the tiny blood vessels surrounding lung tissue through which gases pass into and out of the blood?

A

Lung capillaries

Anatomy (14 decks)

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