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PUBHLTH 370 Final > Endocrine & Reproductive > Flashcards

Endocrine & Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system features

A

system of glands and glandular tissues that secrete hormones into the blood (pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid, adrenal, endocrine, gonads)

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1
Q

pituitary gland

A

known as the master gland - controlled by the hypothalamus

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2
Q

hormones

A

secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream, systemic or local reactions controlled by negative feedback

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3
Q

adenohypophysis

A

anterior lobe of pituitary

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4
Q

neurohypophysis

A

posterior lobe of pituitary

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5
Q

adenohypophysis hormones

A

6: GH, ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, prolactin

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6
Q

neurohypophysis hormones

A

ADH + oxytocin

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7
Q

GH

A

promotes growth of tissues, peaks while one is sleeping

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8
Q

gonadotropins

A

LH: estrogen, progesterone + testosterone
FSH: egg + sperm production

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9
Q

male reproductive tract structural integrity

A

testes, epidiymis, vas deferns, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis, also responsible for urine elimination

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10
Q

male reproductive hormones

A

androgens (male sex hormones), LH, FSH

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11
Q

male reproductive hormones track

A
  1. hypothalamus stimulates gonadotropin releasing hormone which stimulates anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH
  2. LH acts on leydig cells in testes to produce testosterone
  3. excess testosterone triggers negative feedback in the hypothalamus
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12
Q

spermatogenesis

A

the act of producing sperm, happens in the seminiferous tubules, takes 60 days, exit through urethra

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13
Q

external genitalia (females)

A

provides protection and lubrication

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14
Q

female reproductive structural integrity is important because…

A

it is required to achieve reproduction

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15
Q

internal reproductive structures (females)

A
  1. cervix: protection to infection
    2 . uterus: lining thickens or sheds in preparation for pregnancy or menstruation
  2. fallopian tube: from uterus to ovaries, transports oocyte for fertilization
  3. ovaries: produce eggs and hormones
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16
Q

female sex hormones

A
  1. estrogen
  2. progesterone
  3. androgens
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17
Q

estrogens

A

primary female sex hormone, secreted throughout monthly menstrual cycle

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18
Q

progesterone

A

secreted by ovary from ovulation to onset of menses, thickens the lining of the uterus, helps maintain pregnancy, elevates body temp

19
Q

ovulation

A

the process of releasing an oocyte from ovarian follicle, occurs once every 21-40 days

20
Q

follicular phase

A

first half of ovulation
steps
1. secondary follicles (active) secrete estrogen and progesterone
2. ONE secondary follicle becomes dominant and secretes the largest amount of estrogen
3. rest of the follicles die (atrophy)
4. the dominant follicle secretes estrogen which triggers the pituitary to decrease FSH (egg + sperm production), and LH levels surge (hormones), which causes oocyte to be freed from follicles

21
Q

luteal phase

A

second half of ovulation
steps
1. ruptured follicle forms corpus luteum which secretes large amounts of estrogen and progesterone
2. if pregnancy occurs then progesterone supports pregnancy until placenta develops OR if pregnancy does not occur progesterone levels drop 14 days after

22
Q

follicles

A

epithelial capsules that hold oocytes

23
Q

proliferative cycle

A

end of menstruation to ovulation

24
Q

secretory cycle

A

ovulation to menstruation

25
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg)

A

**tested for in pregnancy tests
- produced by zygote and acts on corpus luteum to maintain estrogen and progesterone

26
Q

prolactin

A

comes from anterior pituitary, allows for lactation

27
Q

oxytocin

A

comes from posterior pituitary, stimulates uterine contractions, stimulates breast milk ejection

28
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

vasopressin, stimulates water absorption in kidneys, decreases formation of urine

29
Q

oxytocin

A

targets uterine smooth muscle, stimulates uterine contractions, triggers breast milk release from mammary glands

30
Q

thyroid gland

A

TSH controls hormone secretion in the thyroid gland, regulating metabolism, growth and development

31
Q

parathyroid gland

A

secretes parathyroid hormone, regulates levels of phosphate and calcium in the body

32
Q

adrenal glands

A

located on top of each kidney

33
Q

mineralcorticoids

A

regulate salt balance sodium retention and potassium secretion

34
Q

glucocorticoids

A

regulate carbohydrate lipid and protein metabolism

35
Q

sex hormones

A

androgens and estrogens

36
Q

adrenal medulla

A

inner part of adrenal gland, secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress

37
Q

endocrine (pancreas)

A

synthesis, storage and release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin (these are fundamental to physiology)

38
Q

insulin is secreted by…

A

beta cells

39
Q

glucagon is secreted by…

A

alpha cells

40
Q

somatostatin is secreted by…

A

delta cells, and inhibit secretion of insulin and glucagon

41
Q

control of blood glucose levels

A

done through a negative feedback system, as blood sugar drops insulin secretion also drops, but errors in this system can result in diabetes

42
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

autoimmune disease, insulin-dependent diabetes
chronic condition - pancreas produces little to no insulin
currently no cure

43
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

diet based disease
overuse type of disorder
non insulin dependent
usually the person has the right amount of insulin in the body but insulin resistance happens

44
Q

diabetes symptoms

A

bed wetting in children, increased hunger, weight loss, fatigue and weakness, blurred vision

45
Q

diagnostic testing for diabetes

A
  1. fasting plasma glucose (FPG) + 2 hour plasma glucose (known as challenge tests)
  2. hemoglobin A1 test

PUBHLTH 370 Final (7 decks)

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