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monster management > endocrine patho > Flashcards

endocrine patho Flashcards

1
Q

anterior pituitary aka

A

adenohypophysis

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2
Q

posterior pituitary aka

A

neurohypophysis

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3
Q

anterior and posterior pituitaries connected to hypothalamus how? x2

A

anterior: portal vesselsposterior: nerve tract (supraopticohypophysial)

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4
Q

adenohypophysis secretes…

A

GHACTHLH, FSHMSHPRL

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5
Q

neurohypophysis secretes…

A

HP & POA!hormones, posterior pituitary: oxytocin & ADH

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6
Q

anterior pituitary anatomy

A

pars distalispars tuberalispars intermedia

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7
Q

growth hormone functions

A
  • direct effects d/t GH binding on target cell- indirect: mediated mostly by insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) to promote bone growth- etc1. fat utilization (energy)2. ↑ carb use (↓ gluc uptake of tissues, ↑ glu production in liver, ↑ insulin secretion)3. stim cartilage & bone growth (stim liver to create somatomedins)- somatomedin C most important
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8
Q

growth hormone stimulated & inhibited by x2

A

stimulated by GHRH (from hypothalamus)inhibited by somatostatin

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9
Q

how growth ↑ carb use

A

↓ gluc uptake of tissues↑ glu production in liver↑ insulin secretion

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10
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone: function

A

stimulates adrenal cortext- glucocorticoids secreted- some control over aldosterone (CRH released in resp to stress events; inhibited by glucocorticoids)

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11
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone: function

A

circulates, binds w receptor sites in thyroid follicular cells

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12
Q

TRH to T4 pathway

A

in response to concentration free T4 → hypothalamus releases TRH → anterior pituitary → thyroid gland → TSH → T4free T4 can also inhibit hypothalamus & pituitary

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13
Q

prolactin fxn

A

lactation, target mammary glandsstimulated by estrogen

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14
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone fxn (females & males)

A

females: stim ovaries to produce hormones - follicular phase: estradiol- progesterone: lutealmales: stim spermatogenesis (Sertoli cells)- produces inhibin = neg feedback to reduce FSH

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15
Q

luteinizing hormone (females & males)

A

females: stim corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, surge triggers ovluation- promotes luteinzation of granulosa in dominant folliclemales: stim leydig cells → testosterone

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16
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone fxn

A

causes darkening of skin (melanin pigments) - stimulated by exposure to light

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17
Q

antidiuretic hormone: fxns & target

A

aka vasopressin- normal osmolality of body fluids- blood volumetargets distal renal tubule & principal cells of collecting ducts (virutually impermeable to H2O otherwise)

18
Q

antidiuretic hormone released in response to

A

↑ ECF osmolality↓ blood vol / pressureif vasodilatory shock, ADH levels can ↑ 100x

19
Q

oxytocin function: females & males

A

female: uterine motility (enhanced contraction, prevents excessive bleeding, promotes placental delivery, prevents), milk letdownmale: role in sperm motility (?)

20
Q

thyroid gland secerts

A

T4, T3 (depend on TSH)calcitonin

21
Q

90% of metabolically active hormone secreted by thyroid gland

A

T4

22
Q

T4 vs T3 potency

A

T3 4x potent but exists for a shorter period in circulation

23
Q

substrate that binds to iodine to form thyroid hormone

A

tyrosine amino acids, which are in thyroglobulin moleculesresultant thyroid hormones then hang out in the follicular colloid until needed - cleaved into active forms of T4 & T3

24
Q

thyroid hormone fxns: cellular↑↓

A

↑ gene transcription ↑ fxnal activity throughout body↑ metabolic activity (carb, fat, basal metabolism)↑ #/activity mitochondria (more ATP)↑ active ion transport (through cell membranes)

25
Q

thyroid hormone fxns: body

A

↓ body weight↑ blood flow, CO, HR, contractilitynormal atrial pressure↑ respiration, GI motility↑ rate of secretion of other endocrine glands

26
Q

TSH fxn

A

increases…- proteolysis of thyroglobulin (releases T4 to blood)- iodide pump activity (iodide trapping)- tyrosine iodination - #, size, secretory activity of thyroid cells

27
Q

parathyroid gland anatomy & fxn

A
  • regulates serum Ca- works in conjunction w Vit D- affects bone, renal Ca deposition/reabs- produces PTH (↑ Ca, ↓ phos)
28
Q

primary glucose transporter in body

A

Glut 4

29
Q

insulin: fxn re: protein metabolism & growth

A

promotes protein synthesis & storage1. stimulates aa transport into cells2. increases mRNA translation3. increases rate of transcription of certain DNA sequences4. inhibits catabolism of proteins5. liver: ↓ rate of glyconeogenesis

30
Q

glucagon secreted by

A

alpha cells of pancreas in response to low levels of blood glucose

31
Q

glucagon fxns

A

↑ gluconeogenesisactivates adipose cell lipase: more fatty acids for energy↑ glucagon can cause1. ↑ strength of the heart2. ↑ blood flow to certain tissues (esp kidneys)3. enhances bile secretion4. ⊣ gastric acid secretion

32
Q

somatostatin fxns

A

⊣ glucagon, insulin secretion↓ motility in stomach, duodenum, gallbladder↓ secretion, abs in GI tract

33
Q

somatostatin released by

A

delta cells of pancreas

34
Q

cortisol: metabolic effects

A
  1. Stimulates gluconeogenesis- ↑ enzymes req to convert aa to glucose (liver cells)- mobilization of aa from muscle tissues2. ↓ protein synthesis and cellular protein
35
Q

cortisol: glucose effects

A
  1. ↓ glucose utilization by cells (mechanism poorly understood)2. ↑ blood glucose - ↑ glucose production- ↑ utilization by cells
36
Q

cortisol regulated by

A

ACTH (anterior pituitary)

37
Q

cortisol & inflammation

A
  1. stabilizes lysosomal membranes (prev contents from expulsion)2. ↓ capillary permeability (worsens inflammation a bit)3. ↓ WBC migration, phagocytosis of damaged cells4. suppresses immune system (↓ lymphocyte reproduction)5. attenuates fever (↓ temp = ↓ vasodilation)
38
Q

aldosterone fxns

A

Na retention by ↑ tubular reabsUrine excretion K (∴ ↓ ECF K)helps kidneys excrete excess K, ↑ blood vol + atrial pressure

39
Q

most potent of all naturally occuring mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone

40
Q

aldosterone secretion regulation x4

A
  1. ↑ extracellular K+ 2. ↑ extracellular angiotensin II 3. ↑ extracellular Na, slightly ↓ aldosterone secretion4. ACTH req for secretion but has little effect on controlling rate
41
Q

where are catecholamines stored?

A

chromaffin cells of adrenal medula

monster management (29 decks)

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