endocrine part 2 Flashcards
is smaller than the anterior portion. It forms from an outgrowth of the developing hypothalamus, and is therefore derived from ectoderm destined to become nervous tissue
Posterior Pituitary Gland
*** the hypothalmus secretes inhibitory hormones
Its cells are ___________ located in the hypothalamus, hormones produced there are transported down the axons to secretory vesicles located in the swollen synaptic end bulbs of the axon found in the posterior pituitary
neurosecretory / neuroendocrine cells
This is an example of a ________whereby the sensory input is neural, but the output is endocrine (hormone)
neuroendocrine reflex
________ is a cause of hypersecretion of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism) and
Graves’ disease
_________(protruding eyes)
exophthalmos
congenital hypothyroidism (low secretion) in children can lead to ________
cretinism
hypothyroidism in adults can be due to _______ which is an autoimmune attack on the thyroid gland itself, leading to decreased secretion of hormone
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
iodine deficiency can lead to _____
goiter
PTH secretion is stimulated by _____calcium ion levels
low blood
PTH secretion is stimulated by low blood calcium ion levels
It increases the activity of osteoclasts, and therefore promotes the ________ to release calcium and phosphates ions into the blood
breakdown of bone
Nerve cell function depends on calcium ion levels & calcium ions needed for _____
clotting
______derived from mesoderm; produces steroid hormones
adrenal cortex -
_________the secretory chromaffin cells are enlarged synaptic end bulbs of neurons of sympathetic nervous system – involved in Fight or Flight response
adrenal medulla -
secrete the hormones _______and _______ into blood rather than neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular or neuroglandular junctions
epinephrine, norepinephrine
Mainly ______ which acts on the kidneys to stimulate reabsorption of sodium ions into blood
aldosterone
aldosterone causes ______ into urine
excretion of potassium ions
Control of secretion involves the ____________ (kidney autoregulation)
renin-angiotensin pathway
_______Due to hypersecretion of aldosterone
Aldosteronism
Excessive sodium and water retention can lead to __________
increased blood volume and blood pressure
_______(Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency)
Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone due to atrophy of adrenal cortex
Addison’s Disease
_______hypersecretion of glucocorticoids due to tumor of anterior pituitary which produces excessive amounts ACTC, symptoms same as below
Cushing’s Disease -
________hypersecretion of glucocorticoids due to tumor of adrenal cortex, or long term glucocorticoid use for immune suppression
Cushing’s Syndrome -
______ Male sex hormones
Androgens -
_____ (Dehydroepiandrosterone) secretion is mainly stimulated by ACTH
DHEA
______ or development of facial and body hair
hirsutism
_______ or masculinization such as deeper voice due to masculinzation of larynx and increased muscle bulk, narrow hips, wider shoulders…
virilism
Secrete the hormones ______and ________ (also called adrenalin and noradrenalin) into blood rather than neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular or neuroglandular junctions
epinephrine, norepinephrine
epinephrine, norepinephrine are released very quickly because the adrenal medulla is directly innervated by neurons of the sympathetic nervous system ______ response
Fight or Flight
The remaining 1% are endocrine cells concentrated into clusters called pancreatic islets or ______, clusters of cells infiltrated by capillaries
Islets of Langerhans
alpha cells produce _____ hormone which ____ blood sugar levels by
glucagon, raises
alpha cells increasing ______ (glycogen glucose)
glycogenolysis
alpha cells increasing _______(glucose from lipids and proteins)
gluconeogenesis
alpha cells produce glucagon this hormone acts on the ____
liver
glucogon also enhances _______ into the blood
release of glucose from cells
beta cells produce ______ which ____ blood sugar levels by acting on various cells of the body
insulin, lowers
Disorders associated with pancreatic islet disfunction include ______
diabetes mellitus
Loss of beta cells leads to high glucose levels or _______, where excess glucose is eliminated in the urine (abnormal)
hyperglycemia
______ of diabetes mellitus are excessive urination, excessive thirst and excessive eating (last one only in Type I)
Three symptoms
cardiovascular problems including _______ (damage to capillaries) which in turn can lead to ischemia and gangrene resulting in limb amputation
microangiopathy
_______ insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; appears to be due to an autoimmune response whereby the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells
type I diabetes mellitus (used to be called juvenile diabetes)
___________ more common than type I; associated with obesity even in children; characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency
type II diabetes mellitus (used to be called adult-onset diabetes mellitus);
Secretes the hormone ______ when the person is in darkness, which regulates _______
melatonin, sleep-wake cycles
Hormones produced by the thymus gland promote ______
maturation of T lymphoctyes
Growth factors are group of hormones that _______
stimulate cell division and growth
Growth factors are _____
local hormones
_______produced by the kidneys to increase red blood cell formation; a banned substance used by endurance athletes to boost red blood cell production and increase the oxygen carry ability of blood
Erythropoietin (EPO) -
________releasing and inhibiting hormones
hypothalamus
hypothalamus produces _____ that stimulates the _____ which releases _____ which stimulates the adrenal glands release ______
CRH, Ant. pituitary, ACTH, cortisol
thyroid follicle
colloidal silver (papa smurf)
low calcium stimulates _____
parathyroid hormone
insulin comes from ______
beta cells
______ secrete glucagon
alpha cells
low blood sugar stimulates _____
glucagon
insulin conversion of ______ to ______
glucose to glycogen
stimulated by low blood sugar
glucagon, cortisol, t3,t4, adrenaline, hgh
stimulated by high blood sugar
insulin
____________discovered insulin
banting and best
IGF triggers _____
growth hormone
9 matching hormone to function Cortisol main function increase glucose
