Chapter 2 special senses part 1 Flashcards
Gusto-
taste
Ophthalm
- eye
Oto-
ear
Presby-
old
Rhino-
nose
Sclera
hard
Tympan-
drum
Vitr-
glassy
_____ or cilia project from the dendrites (free nerve endings) of sensory neurons into the mucus layer covering the nasal epithelium
Olfactory hairs
Chemicals that have an odor are called _____
odorants
olfactory area of cerebrum in the temporal lobe also travel to the ______ (emotional brain) which links smells with memories
limbic system
_______ Impaired sense of smell, due to aging, smoking, head injuries, brain tumors, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson Disease, medications, COVID
Hyposmia
While smell can help us identify thousands of different substances, taste provides us with only ________
5 distinct sensations
The receptors for taste are called _________ and are located in taste buds
gustatory receptor cells
Taste buds are found on the soft palate, pharynx and especially elevations of the tongue called ______
papillae
50 or so gustatory receptor cells per taste bud each possess a long microvillus or ______which projects to the surface of the bud through a taste pore
gustatory hair
______Shade the eye during sleep
Eyelids
________Protect the eyes from sweat, foreign objects, direct rays of the sun
Eyebrows and Eyelashes
_______Produces and drains lacrimal fluid or tears
Lacrimal Apparatus
________Skeletal muscles that move the eye itself for tracking
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
_______delicate membrane covering the sclera eyeball and the inside of the eyelid, can swell with allergies
Conjunctiva -
_____ curved, transparent layer of nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium used for focusing light (not adjustable)
Cornea -
_____ located between the cornea and the lens, filled with fluid aqueous humor that nourishes the lens
Aqueous Chamber -
_______is located between the lens and the retina and is filled with jellylike vitreous body (aka vitreous homour) which keeps the retina attached to the underlying layers
Vitreous Chamber –
______ transparent, crystalline structure made of protein which focuses light on the retina
Lens -
_______ change the shape of the lens near and far vision (accommodation)
suspensory ligaments
_____ regulates the diameter of the pupil (autonomic control); contains circular (constriction) and radial (dilation) muscles
Iris -
where light enters the eyeball
Pupil -
______ this tough, connective tissue layer of the eyeball is the “white” of the eye which gives shape to the eyball by completely surrounding the eye (except for the cornea)
Sclera –
______contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) which are stimulated by light
Retina -
______ smooth muscle to adjust the curvature of the lens and adjust the diameter of the pupil (radial and circular muscles of the iris)
Intrinsic Eye Muscles -
_______site where the optic nerve exits the eyeball
Optic Disc or Blind Spot -
______ approximately 120 million; located more on the periphery of the retina for black and white vision in dim light
Rods -
______ approximately 6 million for color vision
Cones -
_______is the bending of light rays by the cornea (75%) and the lens to focus on the retina
Refraction
________ is the increased curvature of lens for near vision
The lens is flexible and convex on both sides, as curvature increases, focusing power increases
Accommodation
_________ is the minimum distance you can focus on an object which is approximately 10 cm as a young adult and increases with age presbyopia
Near point accommodation
image is actually ______ and _____ and the cerebral cortex has to sort this out
upside down, reversed
______ near point increases with age because the lens loses its elasticity and therefore its ability to accommodate
presbyopia -
_______near-sightedness
myopia -
_______far-sightedness
hyperopia -
_______ irregularities in the surface of the cornea
astigmatism -
_______ wandering eye; eyes to not track together
Strabismus -
_______rapid, involuntary eye movements
Nystagmus -
_______ a common cause of blindness due to loss of transparency of the lens (cloudy)
Cataracts -
_______ abnormally high intraocular pressure due to buildup of aqueous humor in the eyeball
Glaucoma –
______age-related degeneration of the retina where the most concentration of cones for visual acuity are located
Macular Degeneration -
______ loss of functional rods for detecting dim light or vitamin A deficiency
Night Blindness -
______- genetic defect resulting in absence of red or green cones is the most common
Color Blindness
_______directs sound waves into canal
auricle (pinna)
________ (meatus)
contains ceruminous glands that secrete ear wax
external auditory canal
External Ear:
auricle, external auditory canal, eardrum
Middle ear 3 parts
auditory ossicles, oval window, Auditory or Eustachian tube
Internal Ear: contains the ______ which consists of the vestibule, semicircular canals and cochlea
bony labyrinth
3 structures of inner ear
vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea
stapes flexes the _______ in the fluid-filled cochlea
oval window
this sends a wave of pressure through the fluid – outer _____ and inner ______
perilymph, endolymph
Receptor structures involved in equilibrium are collectively called the_______, comprised of the saccule, utricle, and semicircular canals
vestibular apparatus
________Maintenance of the position of the body/head relative to the force of gravity and linear acceleration / deceleration (as in an elevator)
Static Equlibrium
______Maintenance of the position of the body/head in response to sudden movements such as rotational acceleration / deceleration
Dynamic Equlibrium
_______Acute infection of the middle ear caused by either viral or bacterial infection
Otitis Media -
______Total hearing loss either caused by damage to hair cells, damage to cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve, or abnormal structures for conducting the sound (ossicles)
Deafness -
_______ Increased fluid in labyrinth of inner ear
Mèniére’s Disease
