chapter 1 quiz 2 Flashcards
image of the brain slide 45 quiz 2
***which of these encompasses the other 3?peripherial nervous system
largest portion of the brain
Cerebrum -
outer gray matter (cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, neuroglia)
Cerebral Cortex
personality, intelligence, judgement, language Posterior part of frontal lobe contains the motor cortex
frontal lobes:
language and somatosensory
parietal lobes:
hearing, language and smell
temporal lobes:
interpretation of visual stimuli
occipital lobes:
Groups of myelinated axons called tracts which convey information from one part of the brain to another
Inner White Matter -
communicates between left and right hemispheres
corpus callosum
Involved in control of large, automatic muscle movements and muscle tone; cells of the basal ganglia lose function with Parkinson’s disease leading to shaking, loss of facial expression and arm swing
Basal Ganglia -
“emotional brain” - pain, pleasure, anger
Limbic System -
Major relay station for most sensory impulses to the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex from spinal chord and brainstem
Diencephalon Thalamus
Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
Both are involved in hormone secretion and storage (discuss later)
releases hormones and is subdivided into the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary each releasing different hormones
pituitary gland
_______ is the communication center between the endocrine system and nervous system; regulates release of hormones from the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
_______Is involved in unconscious regulation of balance and some locomotory movements such as hand-eye co-ordination
Cerebellum -
The _______ consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
brainstem
________ is a thickened stalk at the base of the brain which controls subconscious activities such as respiration, blood pressure, heart rate
Medulla oblongata
***Give 4 four lobes and a function for each lobe quiz question slide 48
frontal lobes: personality, intelligence, judgement, language Posterior part of frontal lobe contains the motor cortex
parietal lobes: language and somatosensory
temporal lobes: hearing, language and smell
occipital lobes: interpretation of visual stimuli
______are fast, automatic, pre-programmed responses to internal or external stimuli
Reflexes
_______ are the most basic form of response to stimuli and do not require brain input
Spinal reflexes
2 Examples of Reflexes:
Somatic Reflexes Autonomic Reflexes
______ tough, superficial layer containing venous sinuses draining the brain
Dura Mater -
_____middle layer, beneath which is found cerebrospinal fluid (in the subarachnoid space)
Arachnoid -
_______delicate layer with blood capillaries adhering to the brain’s surface
Pia Mater -
_______(afferent neurons) convey information from sense organs of the skin , head, body wall and extremities
Somatic sensory neurons
___________ (efferent neurons) convey information to skeletal muscles only, therefore responses are voluntary (conscious)
Somatic motor neurons
________ (afferent neurons) conduct information from receptors of the viscera (internal organs) to the central nervous system
Visceral sensory neurons
_______ (efferent neurons) conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
Visceral motor neurons
_______ divisions of the autonomic nervous system work together to maintain homeostasis (feedback systems)
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
_______Nerve impulses of this division promote energy expenditure ie. fight-or-flight-or-freeze response
Sympathetic Division
nerves arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord ________
(thoracolumbar outflow)
Nerve impulses from this division promote energy conservation, relaxation response
ie. rest and digest / feed and breed
Parasympathetic Division
nerves arise directly from the brain and from the sacral region of the spinal cord ______
(craniosacral outflow)
an important parasympathetic nerve is the ______
vagus nerve
Motor neurons of the ENS innervate the gut wall and stimulate ____________ and innervate glands to regulate production of secretions or gut hormones
smooth muscle contractions
______ arise from the brain directly and do not travel in the spinal cord
Cranial nerves
_______are bundles of axons (both sensory and motor) surrounded by connective tissue coverings
Nerves
Learn the names and numbers (Roman numerals) of the 12 pairs of nerves
Nerve Name Some Functions
I olfactory nerve smell
II optic nerve vision
III oculomotor nerve pupil diameter, eyeball muscles
IV trochlear nerve innervates a single eyeball muscle
V trigeminal nerve chewing, sensation in face
VI abducens nerve innervates a single eyeball muscle
VII facial nerve facial expression, taste
VIII vestibulocochlear nerve hearing and equilibrium
IX glossopharyngeal nerve taste
X vagus nerve parasympathetic to viscera
XI accessory nerve muscles of the shoulder and neck
XII hypoglossal nerve tongue
Spinal nerves from the spinal cord there are _____ pairs
31
Nerves branch when they leave the spinal cord, called ____
rami
supplies dorsal portions of trunk
dorsal rami –
supplies ventral portions of trunk and limbs
ventral rami –
autonomic nervous system branches
rami communicantes
________ supplies vertebral column components
meningeal branch -
_____ are networks of ventral rami that join with adjacent ventral rami to form the final nerves that supply skeletal muscles and glands
Plexuses
_______Progressive senile dementia due to widespread deterioration of brain tissue with a variety of signs
Alzheimer’s Disease
_______Central nervous system degeneration of motor neurons only
Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s Disease)
_______Flaccid paralysis of one half of the face due to inflammation or damage to the facial (VII) nerve
Bell’s Palsy
_______Irritation of the median nerve in the wrist where it passes under the transverse carpal ligament
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
_______A group of disorders diagnosed in early childhood characterized by impaired motor function and possible cognitive and sensory dysfunction
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
_______ deprivation of oxygen to brain tissue associated with blood clots that dislodged from another location called emboli
Ischemic Stroke -
________due to bleeding in the brain associated with a ruptured artery – aneurysm
Hemorrhagic Stroke -
_______Chronic disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, which are excessive discharges in cerebral neurons leading to transient impairment or loss of consciousness
Epilepsy
______are unilateral, throbbing headaches associated with vascular changes within the brain brought on by different triggers
Migraines
_______are usually bilateral and steadily painful and respond well to massage
Tension headaches
______Protrusion of the intervertebral disk which puts pressure on the nerve root or other structures
Herniated Disc
________Reoccurrence of the virus that causes chicken pox which had laid dormant in cell bodies of sensory neurons of one nerve until the immune system is compromised
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
_______Inflammation of the coverings of the brain or spinal cord caused by bacteria or viruses
Meningitis
_______Autoimmune attack of the myelin covering of motor and sensory axons within the central nervous system
Multiple Sclerosis
________Progressive degeneration of dopamine (neurotransmitter) liberating cells (of the substantia nigra in the midbrain) that act on the basal ganglia
Parkinson’s Disease
_______Usually bilateral damage to peripheral nerves leading to stocking and glove loss of sensation (paresthesia) or burning (dysesthesia) and loss of movement (paralysis)
Peripheral Neuropathy
______Viral infection of motor neurons in the spinal cord leading to weak muscles and possibly paralysis; had pretty much been eradicated due to polio vaccines. Was making a comeback, and is again being pruned back, only 3 countries in the world have active polio cases in the last three years
Polio
_____ Many people who had polio recover as unaffected motor neurons grew new axon collaterals to the muscles that lost their motor neurons
Post-Polio Syndrome
______ Many different sleep disorders including insomnia, sleep apnea (stop breathing), restless leg syndrome, narcolepsy (fall asleep at inappropriate times), circadian rhythm disruption (shift work)
Sleep Disorders
________Temporary loss of blood supply to fingers, toes, nose, ears or lips leading to color changes in the skin and possible numbness or tingling
Raynaud’s Syndrome
_______Injuries to the vertebral column and/or spinal cord which lead to complete or incomplete loss of motor, sensory and/or autonomic function at the level of the lesion and below
Spinal Cord Injuries
_______ (paralysis of arms and legs) if spinal cord severed T1 or above
Quadriplegia
______ (paralysis of legs only) if spinal cord severed T2 or below
massage indicated if sensation intact
Paraplegia
______An entrapment syndrome involving pressure on the brachial plexus and possibly the subclavian artery
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
basal ganglia death is associated with
parkisons disease
hippocamp in french
seahorse
oh oh oh to touch and feel very green vegetables ahh
__pairs of cervical nerves
__ pairs of thoracic nerves
___ pairs of lumbar nerves
__ pairs of sacral nerves
__ pair coccygeal
8, 12, 5, 5, 1
