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A&P Exam 2 > Endocrine (Chapter 16) > Flashcards

Endocrine (Chapter 16) Flashcards

1
Q

Secretes hormones into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine System

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2
Q

A chemical messenger secreted into the blood that triggers changes with in its target cells

A

Hormones

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3
Q

Master gland, takes stimulation from the hypothalamus (control center) and directs it to all the other endocrine glands

A

Pituitary Gland

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4
Q

Regulates metabolism through the hormones (T3 and T4)

A

Thyroid Gland

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5
Q

Regulates the body blood calcium levels through the parathyroid hormone. (muscle contraction, bone growth,etc)

A

Parathyroid Gland

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6
Q

Is where the adrenal corticosteroids (cortisol and aldosterone) are made,

A

Adrenal Cortex (outer)

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7
Q

Is where the adrenal catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) are made, fight or flight hormones.

A

Adrenal Medulla (inner)

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8
Q

Secretes sex hormones progesterone and estrogen in females and testosterone in males.

A

Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)

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9
Q

Stimulates blood sugar with the hormones insulin and glucagon

A

Pancreas

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10
Q

Function at the cell that makes them

A

Autocrine hormones

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11
Q

Function regionally.

A

Paracrine hormones

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12
Q

Function at a distance.

A

Endocrine hormones

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13
Q

Small anteroinferior portion of the diencephalon of the brain that transports neural signals from the brain to the pituitary gland.

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

Also called the hypophysis

A

Pituitary Gland

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15
Q

Connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

A

Infundibulum

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16
Q

Also called adenohypophysis

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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17
Q

Also called neurohypophysis

A

Posterior pituitary gland

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18
Q

A hypothalamic hormone that control water balance

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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19
Q

A hypothalamic hormone that support reproduction and milk release

A

Oxytocin

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20
Q

Stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.

A

Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones

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21
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the production and release of thyroid hormone and growth of the thyroid gland.

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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22
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone that is released by the adrenal cortex that stimulates the production of mostly glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex.

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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23
Q

Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates reproductive functions in males and females.

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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24
Q

Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates reproductive functions in males and females.

A

Follicle-stimulating Hormone

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25
Q

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of the mammary gland, initial of milk production after childbirth, and the maintenance of milk production for the duration of breastfeeding.

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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26
Q

Stimulate male and female gonads to produce testosterone in males and estrogen and progesterone in females

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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27
Q

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes fat breakdown and gluconeogenesis, also stimulates the release of insulin-like growth factor, which promotes growth and protein synthesis.

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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28
Q

Connects the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland

A

Isthmus

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29
Q

The spheres located in the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid follicles

30
Q

The protein-rich, gelatinous material that fills the interior of the thyroid follicle.

31
Q

Thyroid hormones that regulates metabolism and thermoregulation, promotion of growth and development, and synergism with the sympathetic nervous system.

A

Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine (T3 and T4)

32
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

A

What are the two forms of thyroid hormones?

33
Q

Overproduction of thyroid hormone

A

Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease)

34
Q

Underproduction of thyroid hormone

A

Hypothyroidism

35
Q

A hormone produced by the parathyroid gland that increases the blood calcium ion concentration in the extra cellular fluid.

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

36
Q

A hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that decreases the blood calcium ion concentration

A

Calcitonin

37
Q

What are the two regions of the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal cortex and Adrenal medulla

38
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

A 
Zona glomerulosa (outer) -densely packed cells
Zona fasciculata (middle) -cells stacked in columns
Zona reticularis (inner) -arranged loosely in clusters
39
Q

A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that increases the reabsorption of sodium ions (and indirectly) water from the distal tube, as well as the secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions.

A

Aldosterone

40
Q

The main glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, stimulates gluconeogenesis as well as fat and protein breakdown and inhibits the inflammatory response.

A

Cortisol (hydrocortisone)

41
Q

Produced in the Zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis, and their main role is to help mediate the body’s response to stress (regulating the concentration of blood glucose)

A

Glucocorticoids

42
Q

A series of changes that maintains homeostasis when the body is faced with a stressor (exercise, emotional excitement, being chased by an animal, etc)

A

Stress Response

43
Q

Sex hormones that affect the reproductive organs, gonads, and multiple other tissues.

A

Androgenic hormones

44
Q

What’s are the two groups of cells in the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic islets (endocrine cells) and Islets of Langerhans (exocrine cells)

45
Q

What are the three main cell types of Pancreatic Islets?

A
  • alpha cells- secretes hormone glucagon
  • beta cells- secretes hormone insulin
  • delta cells- secretes hormone somatostatin
46
Q

Increases the levels of glucose mad other metabolic fuels in the blood

47
Q

Decreases the levels of glucose in the blood

48
Q

When insulin levels rise to high and blood glucose levels drops

A

Hypoglycemia

49
Q

Decreased levels of insulin that cause the blood glucose levels to become elevated

A

Hyperglycemia

50
Q

Caused by the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas by the immune system

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

51
Q

The beta cells in the pancreas do not respond to normal increases in blood glucose, and other target cells are less responsive to insulin

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

52
Q

A hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates the sleep and wake cycle

53
Q

The site of maturation of the white blood cells (leukocytes) called T lymphocytes

54
Q

What to hormones does the thymus secretes?

A

Thymosin and Thymopoietin

55
Q

Responsible for the production of gamete (sperm and ova)

56
Q

What is the name of the hormone produced by the testes?

A

Testosterone

57
Q

What is the name of the hormone produced by the ovaries?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

58
Q

What are the two hormones produced by the pancreas?

A

Glucagon and Insulin

59
Q

A hormone produced by adipocytes that promotes satiety (feelings of fullness after eating)

60
Q

A hormone produced by cells of the heart that triggers the excretion of sodium ions (and indirectly water) from the renal tubule of the kidneys

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

61
Q

The hormone produced by the kidneys that increases the rate of the erythrocyte production and decreases the time it takes for them to mature

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

62
Q

An enzyme produced by JG cells in response to a decline systemic blood pressure or sympathetic nervous system stimulation

63
Q

Clusters of cells between thyroid follicles that produce the hormone calcitonin

A

Parafollicular cells

64
Q

Hormone secreting cells of the parathyroid gland that produce the parathyroid hormone

A

Chief cells

65
Q

Hypersecretion of GH before closure of the epiphyseal plates

66
Q

Hyposecretion of GH prior to closure of the epiphyseal plates

A

Pituitary dwarfism

67
Q

An abnormal lack of ADH secretion or activity

A

Diabetes insipidus

68
Q

Signals consist of a chemical secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid to nearby but different types of cells

A

Paracrine signals

69
Q

A chemical secreted by cells into the interstitial fluid elicits effects from the same cell or cell type

A

Autocrine signals

70
Q

A hormone produced largely by the liver in response to the growth hormone, stimulates protein synthesis and cell division

A

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

A&P Exam 2 (9 decks)

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