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A&P Exam 2 > Chapter 12 (Module 12.2) > Flashcards

Chapter 12 (Module 12.2) Flashcards

1
Q

the structure of the brain responsible for higher mental functions

A

the cerebrum

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2
Q

shallow grooves on surface of cerebrum

A

sulci

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3
Q

elevated ridges found between sulci

A

gyri

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4
Q

deep grooves found on surface of cerebrum

A

fissures

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5
Q

long deep groove that separates left and right cerebral hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure

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6
Q

the two anterior lobes of the cerebral hemispheres;responsible for planning and executing movement and complex mental functions

A

frontal lobe

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7
Q

a sulcus of each cerebral hemisphere that separates the frontal lobes from the parietal lobes

A

central sulcus

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8
Q

located anterior to the central sulcus of each cerebral hemisphere in the frontal lobes; contains the primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus

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9
Q

what are the neurons in the frontal lobe responsible?

A

planning and executing movement and complex mental functions such as behavior, conscience, and personality

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10
Q

lobes of the cerebral hemispheres located posterior to the frontal lobes

A

parietal lobe

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11
Q

responsible for processing and integrating sensory information,and also function in attention

A

parietal lobe

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12
Q

located posterior to the central sulcus of each cerebral hemisphere in the parietal lobes; contains the primary somatosensory cortex

A

postcentral gyrus

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13
Q

cerebral lobes located on the lateral surface of the cerebrum; performs functions related to hearing, language, memory, and emotions

A

temporal lobes

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14
Q

a fissure on the lateral side of each cerebral hemisphere that separates the temporal lobes from the frontal and parietal lobes

A

lateral fissure

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15
Q

the posterior lobes of the cerebrum; process all information relating to vision

A

occipital lobe

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16
Q

deep underneath lateral fissures; neurons in these lobes are currently thought to be involved in functions related to taste and viscera (internal organs)

A

insulas

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17
Q

functionally most complex part of cortex; covers underlying cerebral hemispheres

A

cerebral cortex

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18
Q

functions in conscious processes

A

cerebral cortex

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19
Q

the most recent part of our brains to evolve; makes up majority of the cerebral cortex

A

neocortex

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20
Q

the neocortex is divided into what three areas?

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • primary sensory cortices
  • association areas
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21
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

plans and executes movement

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22
Q

what are the functions of the primary sensory cortices at the first regions?

A

first regions to receive and process sensory input

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23
Q

what is the function of the association areas?

A

integrate different types of information

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24
Q

integrate one specific type of information

A

unimodal areas

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25
Q

integrate information from multiple different sources and carry out many higher mental functions

A

multimodal areas

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26
Q

involved in conscious planning of movement; located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

A

primary motor cortex

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27
Q

unimodal areas involved in planning, guidance, coordination, and execution of movement

A

motor association areas

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28
Q

paired motor association areas; one on each side of brain anterior to premotor cortex; involved in back and forth eye movements as in reading

A

frontal eye fields

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29
Q

what type of somatic sensory information do the two main somatosensory areas, located in the cerebral cortex deal with??

A

information about temperature, touch, vibration, pressure, stretch, and joint position

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30
Q

where is the primary somatosensory area (S1) located?

A

in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

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31
Q

Where is the somatosensory association cortex (S2) located?

A

Posterior to (S1)

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32
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

A

At posterior end of occipital lobe

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33
Q

What is the function of the primary visual cortex?

A

To receive visual input

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34
Q

What is the function of the visual association area?

A

Processes color, object movement, and depth

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35
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

Superior temporal lobe

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36
Q

What type of information is received by the primary auditory cortex?

A

Auditory information

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37
Q

Where is the information received by the primary auditory cortex transferred?

A

To nearby auditory association cortex, and other multimodal association areas for further processing

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38
Q

Where is taste information processed?

A

Gustatory cortex (in both the insula and parietal lobes)

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39
Q

Where are the vestibular areas located?

A

Parietal and temporal lobes

40
Q

What information do these vestibular areas deal with?

A

Equilibrium and positional sensations

41
Q

touch, vision, hearing, smell, and taste each have a primary and a unimodal association area as does sense of equilibrium (balance); found in all lobes of cortex except frontal lobe

A

special senses

42
Q

at posterior end of occipital lobe; first area to receive visual input

A

primary visual cortex

43
Q

processes color, object movement, and depth

A

visual area association

44
Q

in superior temporal lobe; first to receive auditory information

A

primary auditory cortex

45
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex transferred to?

A

input is transferred to nearby auditory association cortex and other multimodal association areas for further processing

46
Q

taste information processing; scattered throughout both insula and parietal lobes

A

gustatory cortex

47
Q

deal with equilibrium and positional sensations; located in parietal and temporal lobes

A

vestibular areas

48
Q

processes sense of smell; in evolutionarily older regions of brain; consists of several areas in limbic and medial temporal lobes

A

olfactory cortex

49
Q

regions of cortex that allow us to perform complex mental functions

A

multimodal association areas

50
Q

in anterolateral frontal lobe; premotor area responsible for ability to produce speech sounds

A

broca’s area

51
Q

in temporal and parietal lobes; responsible for ability to understand language

A

Wernicke’s area (integrative speech area)

52
Q

occupy most of their respective lobes; perform multiple functions including integration of sensory information, language, maintaining attention, recognition, and spatial awareness

A

parietal and temporal lobe association areas

53
Q

occupies most of frontal lobe; communicates with diencephalon, other regions of cerebral gray matter, and association areas located in other lobes

A

prefrontal cortex

54
Q

functions include modulating behavior, personality, learning, memory, and an individual’s personality state

A

prefrontal cortex

55
Q

found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; cluster of neuron cell bodies, involved in movement

A

basal nuclei

56
Q

separated from diencephalon by a region of white matter called internal capsule

A

basal nuclei

57
Q

C-shaped rings of gray matter; lateral to lateral ventricle of each hemisphere with anteriorly oriented tail

A

caudate nuclei

58
Q

posterior and inferior to caudate nucleus; connected to caudate nucleus by small bridges of gray matter;

A

putamen

59
Q

combination of putamen and caudate are sometimes called

A

corpus striatum

60
Q

sits medial to putamen; contains more myelinated fibers than other regions

A

globus pallidus

61
Q

connect right and left hemispheres; corpus callosum, largest of four groups in this category, lies in middle of brain at base of longitudinal fissure

A

commissural fibers

62
Q

allow communication from 1 side of brain to another

A

commissural fibers

63
Q

connect cerebral cortex of one hemisphere with other areas of same hemisphere, other parts of brain, and spinal cord

A

projection fibers

64
Q

restricted to a single hemisphere; connect gray matter of cortical gyri with one another

A

association fibers

65
Q

allow short communication within same region

A

association fibers

66
Q

important functional brain system, includes limbic lobe (region of medial cerebrum), hippocampus, amygdala, and pathways; connect each of these regions of gray matter with rest of brain

A

limbic system

67
Q

Found only within mammalian brains and involved in memory, learning, emotion, and behavior

A

limbic system

68
Q

in temporal lobe; connected to a prominent C-shaped ring of white matter (fornix) which is its main output tract; involved in memory and learning

A

hippocampus

69
Q

anterior to hippocampus; involved in behavior and expression of emotion, especially fear

A

amygdala

70
Q

at physical center of brain; composed of four components, each with its own nuclei that receive specific input and send output to other brain regions

A

diencephalon

71
Q

The four components of the diencephalon include?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
  • subthalamus
72
Q

main entry route of sensory data into cerebral cortex Consists of two egg-shaped regions of gray matter; make up about 80% of diencephalon
Third ventricle is found between these two regions

A

thalamus

73
Q

receive afferent fibers from many other regions of nervous system excluding information about the sense of smell

A

thalamic nuclei

74
Q

Regulates cortical activity by controlling which input should continue to cerebral cortex

A

thalamic nuclei

75
Q

collection of nuclei anterior and inferior to larger thalamus

A

hypothalamus

76
Q

Neurons perform several vital functions critical to survival; include regulation of autonomic nervous system, sleep/wake cycle, thirst and hunger, and body temperature

A

hypothalamus

77
Q

it is linked to the pituitary gland and secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that affect the function of the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

78
Q

hypothalamic hormones that do not affect pituitary gland, have their effect on water balance and stimulation of uterine contraction during childbirth, respectively

A

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

79
Q

connect hypothalamus with limbic system; receive input from hippocampus; involved in memory regulation and behavior

A

mammillary bodies

80
Q

makes up posterior and inferior portion of brain; functionally connected with cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, brainstem, and spinal cord; interactions between these regions together coordinate movement

A

cerebellum

81
Q

one of oldest components of brain; vital to our immediate survival as its nuclei control many basic homeostatic functions such as heart rate and breathing rhythms

A

brainstem

82
Q

Controls many reflexes (programmed, automatic responses to stimuli); functions in movement, sensation, and maintaining alertness

A

brainstem

83
Q

Inferior to diencephalon; surrounds cerebral aqueduct (connects third and fourth ventricles)
Also known as mesencephalon; shortest and most superior brainstem region

A

midbrain

84
Q

protrude from posterior surface of brainstem; two paired projections that form roof of midbrain (tectum); involved in visual and auditory functions respectively; project to thalamus

A

superior and inferior colliculi

85
Q

white matter tracts that originate in cerebrum and form anteriormost portion of midbrain

A

descending tracts

86
Q

posterior to crus cerebri, is a darkly pigmented region whose neurons work with basal nuclei to control movement

A

substantia nigra

87
Q

posterior to substantia nigra; communicates with cerebellum, spinal cord, and other regions involved in regulating movement; role in humans not yet understood

A

red nucleus

88
Q

region of midbrain between cerebral aqueduct and substantia nigra; contains numerous nuclei, many of which are components of reticular formation; both ascending and descending white matter tracts are found in this region as well

A

Midbrain tegmentum

89
Q

What is the name for superior and inferior colliculi collectively together/grouped?

A

corpora quadrigemina

90
Q

inferior to midbrain; has a prominent anterior surface that contains descending motor tracts from crus cerebri, some of which pass through pons en route to spinal cord

A

pons

91
Q

has many roles including: regulation of movement, breathing, reflexes, and complex functions associated with sleep and arousal

A

pons (pontine nuclei)

92
Q

most inferior structure of brainstem; continuous with spinal cord at foramen magnum

A

medulla oblongata

93
Q

on anterior surface of medulla, contain upper motor neuron fibers of corticospinal tract(also called the pyramidal tract), which decussate (crossover), as they travel from cerebral cortex to spinal cord

A

pyramids

94
Q

collection of over 100 nuclei found in central core of three brainstem subdivisions making this one of most complex regions of brain

A

reticular formation

95
Q

In the reticular formation, Input is received from multiple sources including?

A

cerebral cortex, limbic system, and sensory stimuli

96
Q

What is the function of the central nuclei, located in the center of the reticular formation?

A

sleep, pain transmission, and mood

97
Q

What is the function of the nuclei surrounding the central nuclei?

A

serves motor functions for both skeletal muscles and autonomic nervous system

A&P Exam 2 (9 decks)

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