Endocrine & ANS

Question 0

Which hormones do the cells of the zona glomerulosa (adrenal gland) synthesise?

Answer 0

Mineralocorticoid hormones

Question 1

What are the two kinds of local hormones?

Answer 1

Paracrines and autocrines

Question 2

Which cells are present in the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 2

Acidophils, basophils, chromophobes

ABC

Question 3

What is wobblers disease?

Answer 3

Hansen type II herniation of the invertebral discs- the annulus thickens and compresses the spinal cord

Question 4

What do alpha cells secrete?

Answer 4

Glucagon

Question 5

What do beta cells produce?

Answer 5

Insulin

Question 6

What do delta cells secrete?

Answer 6

Somatostatin

Question 7

What do F cells secrete?

Answer 7

Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 8

Where are GLUT2 transporters present?

Answer 8

Liver

Question 9

What is the function of somatostatin?

Answer 9

Paracrine inhibition of insulin and glucagon

Decreases release of growth hormone

Question 10

Where are calcium pools found?

Answer 10

Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
Bony skeleton

Question 11

Where is the body’s primary ‘clock’ located in the brain?

Answer 11

Suprachiasmic nuclei in the hypothalamus

Question 12

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 12

Melatonin

Question 13

When is secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland increased?

Answer 13

During darkness

Question 14

How does melatonin secretion affect seasonal breeding?

Answer 14

Melatonin secretion varies with time of year, and is greatest when there is shorter periods of daylight.
When there is more daylight: low melatonin release
Short-day kiss neurons inhibited -> decrease in LH and FSH secretion, no cycles
Long-day kiss neurons stimulated -> increases in LH and FSH secretion, cyclicity

Question 15

How does leptin affect appetite?

Answer 15

Decreases it

Question 16

Which 6 hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 16

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
GH
(FLAT PiG)

Question 17

What is the difference between paracrines and autocrines?

Answer 17

Autocrines are released by an autocrine cell which also possesses receptors for the hormone, ie autocrine cell=target cell
With autocrines, the target cell is the same cell that release
Paracrine cells release paracrines to nearby target cells

Question 18

In the pancreas, exocrine cells are arranged in clusters called…

Answer 18

Acini

Question 19

Which nervous system inhibits insulin?

Answer 19

Sympathetic

Question 20

How does insulin cause cells to take in glucose?

Answer 20

Binds to tyrosine kinase receptor, receptor phosphorylates insulin-receptor substrate.
Second messenger pathways alter protein syntheis and existing proteins.
Membrane transport is modified by the increase in GLUT4 transporters

Question 21

What is glucose converted to when taken up by cells (due to insulin)?

Answer 21

Glucose-6-phosphate
Glycogen
Fat

Question 22

Where do the following bind:
Lipid-soluble hormones
Water-soluble hormones

Answer 22

Lipid-soluble: bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell
Water-soluble: bind to receptors on the cell’s surface

Question 23

What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 23

ADH (inserts aquaporrins in cell membranes)

Oxytocin (milk ejection, released during labour, maternal bonding)

Question 24

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 24

2 lobes located either side of the trachea, just below larynx

Question 25

Why is T4 converted to T3?

Answer 25

T3 is biologically more active than T4 | But more T4 is produced (50:1)

Question 26

What causes a goitre? (enlarged thyroid gland)

Answer 26

(Could be tumour) Lack of iodine in diet/inhibited uptake of iron Can't make thyroid hormones, continually high TSH stimulates growth of thyroid follicular cells, no negative feedback Enlarged thyroid

Question 27

Where is the adrenal gland?

Answer 27

Paired, lies beneath peritoneum, craniomedially to corresponding kidney

Question 28

What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex and what do they secrete?

Answer 28

Outer=zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoid hormones eg aldosterone (regulation of blood pressure/volume, Na and K conc) Middle=zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoid hormones (glucose metabolism eg cortisol) Inner=zona reticularis secretes androgens

Question 29

What 2 things increase Ca2+? | What decreases it?

Answer 29

Vitamin D3 Parathyroid hormone Decreased by calcitonin

Question 30

Where is calcitonin made?

Answer 30

Parafollicular/C cells of thyroid gland

Question 31

What are adpokines?

Answer 31

Hormones secreted by adipose tissue eg leptin

Question 32

Which cranial nerves are parasympathetic?

Answer 32

3, 7, 9, 10

Question 33

In the sympathetic nervous system, what are the neurotransmitters at the pre-ganglionic synapse (between pre-and post-ganglionic neuron) and post-ganglionic synapse (between post-ganglionic neuron and effector)? What are the receptor types?

Answer 33

1. Acetylcholine (nicotinic) | 2. Noradrenaline/adrenaline (nicotinic)

Question 34

In the parasympathetic nervous system, what are the neurotransmitters at the pre-ganglionic synapse (between pre-and post-ganglionic neuron) and post-ganglionic synapse (between post-ganglionic neuron and effector)? What are the receptor types?

Answer 34

Acetylcholine at both | Nicotinic then muscarinic

Question 35

What is the neurotransmitter in the somatic nervous system? | What is the receptor type?

Answer 35

Acetylcholine | Nicotinic

Question 36

What do chromaffin cells secrete?

Answer 36

Catecholamines eg adrenaline, noradrenaline

Question 37

What is the fight or flight response?

Answer 37

Generalised response to stress or fear. Prepares the body for vigorous exercise

Question 38

Where are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems' origins in the CNS?

Answer 38

Sympathetic=Spinal cord T1-L2 | Parasympathetic=Brainstem and sacral spinal cord

Question 39

How do beta blockers affect heart rate?

Answer 39

Reduce heart rate and contractility, slows conduction through AV node