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Semester 2 > Endocrine & ANS > Flashcards

Endocrine & ANS Flashcards

0
Q

Which hormones do the cells of the zona glomerulosa (adrenal gland) synthesise?

A

Mineralocorticoid hormones

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1
Q

What are the two kinds of local hormones?

A

Paracrines and autocrines

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2
Q

Which cells are present in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Acidophils, basophils, chromophobes

ABC

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3
Q

What is wobblers disease?

A

Hansen type II herniation of the invertebral discs- the annulus thickens and compresses the spinal cord

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4
Q

What do alpha cells secrete?

A

Glucagon

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5
Q

What do beta cells produce?

A

Insulin

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6
Q

What do delta cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin

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7
Q

What do F cells secrete?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

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8
Q

Where are GLUT2 transporters present?

A

Liver

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9
Q

What is the function of somatostatin?

A

Paracrine inhibition of insulin and glucagon

Decreases release of growth hormone

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10
Q

Where are calcium pools found?

A

Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
Bony skeleton

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11
Q

Where is the body’s primary ‘clock’ located in the brain?

A

Suprachiasmic nuclei in the hypothalamus

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12
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

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13
Q

When is secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland increased?

A

During darkness

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14
Q

How does melatonin secretion affect seasonal breeding?

A

Melatonin secretion varies with time of year, and is greatest when there is shorter periods of daylight.
When there is more daylight: low melatonin release
Short-day kiss neurons inhibited -> decrease in LH and FSH secretion, no cycles
Long-day kiss neurons stimulated -> increases in LH and FSH secretion, cyclicity

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15
Q

How does leptin affect appetite?

A

Decreases it

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16
Q

Which 6 hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

A 
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
GH
(FLAT PiG)
17
Q

What is the difference between paracrines and autocrines?

A

Autocrines are released by an autocrine cell which also possesses receptors for the hormone, ie autocrine cell=target cell
With autocrines, the target cell is the same cell that release
Paracrine cells release paracrines to nearby target cells

18
Q

In the pancreas, exocrine cells are arranged in clusters called…

A

Acini

19
Q

Which nervous system inhibits insulin?

A

Sympathetic

20
Q

How does insulin cause cells to take in glucose?

A

Binds to tyrosine kinase receptor, receptor phosphorylates insulin-receptor substrate.
Second messenger pathways alter protein syntheis and existing proteins.
Membrane transport is modified by the increase in GLUT4 transporters

21
Q

What is glucose converted to when taken up by cells (due to insulin)?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate
Glycogen
Fat

22
Q

Where do the following bind:
Lipid-soluble hormones
Water-soluble hormones

A

Lipid-soluble: bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell
Water-soluble: bind to receptors on the cell’s surface

23
Q

What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

ADH (inserts aquaporrins in cell membranes)

Oxytocin (milk ejection, released during labour, maternal bonding)

24
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

2 lobes located either side of the trachea, just below larynx

25
Q

Why is T4 converted to T3?

A

T3 is biologically more active than T4

But more T4 is produced (50:1)

26
Q

What causes a goitre? (enlarged thyroid gland)

A

(Could be tumour)
Lack of iodine in diet/inhibited uptake of iron
Can’t make thyroid hormones, continually high TSH stimulates growth of thyroid follicular cells, no negative feedback
Enlarged thyroid

27
Q

Where is the adrenal gland?

A

Paired, lies beneath peritoneum, craniomedially to corresponding kidney

28
Q

What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex and what do they secrete?

A

Outer=zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoid hormones eg aldosterone (regulation of blood pressure/volume, Na and K conc)
Middle=zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoid hormones (glucose metabolism eg cortisol)
Inner=zona reticularis secretes androgens

29
Q

What 2 things increase Ca2+?

What decreases it?

A

Vitamin D3
Parathyroid hormone

Decreased by calcitonin

30
Q

Where is calcitonin made?

A

Parafollicular/C cells of thyroid gland

31
Q

What are adpokines?

A

Hormones secreted by adipose tissue eg leptin

32
Q

Which cranial nerves are parasympathetic?

A

3, 7, 9, 10

33
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, what are the neurotransmitters at the pre-ganglionic synapse (between pre-and post-ganglionic neuron) and post-ganglionic synapse (between post-ganglionic neuron and effector)?
What are the receptor types?

A
  1. Acetylcholine (nicotinic)

2. Noradrenaline/adrenaline (nicotinic)

34
Q

In the parasympathetic nervous system, what are the neurotransmitters at the pre-ganglionic synapse (between pre-and post-ganglionic neuron) and post-ganglionic synapse (between post-ganglionic neuron and effector)?
What are the receptor types?

A

Acetylcholine at both

Nicotinic then muscarinic

35
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in the somatic nervous system?

What is the receptor type?

A

Acetylcholine

Nicotinic

36
Q

What do chromaffin cells secrete?

A

Catecholamines eg adrenaline, noradrenaline

37
Q

What is the fight or flight response?

A

Generalised response to stress or fear. Prepares the body for vigorous exercise

38
Q

Where are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems’ origins in the CNS?

A

Sympathetic=Spinal cord T1-L2

Parasympathetic=Brainstem and sacral spinal cord

39
Q

How do beta blockers affect heart rate?

A

Reduce heart rate and contractility, slows conduction through AV node

Semester 2 (10 decks)

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