Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Semester 2 > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

0
Q

How may a UMN synapse onto a LMN?

A

Directly or via interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Are UMNs inhibitory or excitatory to LMNs?

A

Inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

UMNs to LMNs supplying flexor muscles travel in which funiculi of the spinal cord?

A

Lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

UMNS to LMNs supplying extensor muscles travel in which funiculi of the spinal cord?

A

Ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which neurotransmitter is present between LMNs and muscle cells?

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the difference between a reflex and a response?

A

Reflex-innate reaction to a stimulus, is present from birth

Response-a learned behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In a LMN injury, what happens to the muscle?

A

Will lose reflexes, will atrophy (lose bulk) and will lose tone
RAT (Reflexes, Atrophy, Tone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In a UMN injury, what will happen to the muscle?

A

Reflexes are normal or increases, as is tone
Any atrophy is mild
Decreased coordination
Normal strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which tract is known as the pyramidal tract?

A

Corticospinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the pyramidal tract enable?

A

Fine, voluntary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the extrapyramidal tract do?

A

Controls posture

Enables subconscious, rhythmic movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates and integrates sensory input (vestibular) and input from the cerebral cortex
Can’t initiate movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 layers of the spinal meninges?

A 
Pia mater (inner)
Arachnoid mater (middle)
Dura mater (outer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

Large hole at base of skull through which spinal cord passes
(Further back in dogs than humans as relates to walking on 4 legs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List the spinal vertebrae

A 
Cervical C1-C7
Thoracic T1-T13
Lumbar L1-L7
Sacral S1-S3
Caudal Cd1-Cd5
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is an ideal place for injecting anaesthetic into the spinal cord?

A

Epidural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is a good place for sampling CSF in the spinal cord?

A

Lumbar cistern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do somatic motor neurons innervate?

A

Skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do autonomic motor neurons innervate?

A

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What kind of neurons do dorsal root ganglions contain?

A

Sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which spinal cord segments make up the cervical intumescence?

A

C6-T2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which spinal cord segments make up the thoracolumbar region?

A

T3-L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which spinal cord segments make up the lumbar intumescence?

A

L4-S3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where do sensory nerve tracts travel?

A

From the skin and musculoskeletal system to the cerebral cortex (spinocortical)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where do motor nerve tracts travel?

A

From the cerebral cortex to skeletal muscle (corticospinal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What function does the lateral column of a spinal cord segment have?

A

Mixed (motor and sensory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What function does the ventral column of a spinal cord segment have?

A

Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What function does the dorsal column of a spinal cord segment have

A

Sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the neural tube give rise to?

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the neural crest give rise to?

A

Cells in the PNS (including dorsal root ganglia, sensory neurones of cranial nerves, autonomic ganglion neurones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How is spina bifida caused, and in which animals is it common?

A

Failure of caudal fusion of the neural tube (neuropore). Vertebral arches are unfused above the spinal cord.
Common in tailless breeds (eg manx cat, bulldog)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What cells is the notochord made up of?

A

Mesodermal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is glia?

A

Connective tissue of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When the neural tube closes, what 3 layers does it consist of?

A 
Ventricular zone (innermost)
Mantle layer (forms grey matter)
Marginal layer (forms white matter)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which signalling factors do the roof and floor plate each secrete?

A

Roof plate=BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins)

Floor plate=SHH (sonic hedgehog)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A

Myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does grey matter consist of?

A

Neuronal cell bodies and some unmyelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the dorsal funiculus/column?

A 
Gracile funiculus (medial; hindlimb and caudal trunk fibres)
Cuneate funiculus (lateral; forelimb, cranial trunk and neck fibres)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does the dorsal horn contain?

A

Receives axons of both somatic and visceral SENSORY (afferent) neurones
(Cell bodies reside in dorsal root ganglia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What does the ventral horn contain?

A

Cell bodies of preganglionic autonomic motor neurones (VE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does the ventral horn contain?

A

Site of cell bodies of somatic motor neurones (efferent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain called during early development?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which is the only cranial nerve which emerges dorsally from the brainstem?

A

Trochlear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How is the dura mater attached to the spinal cord?

A

Cranial end: Attached at the rim of the foramen magnum

Caudal end: Attached to the dorsal vertebral canal of a caudal vertebra via the filum terminale ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the name of the space between the arachnoid membrane and dura mater?

A

Subdural space

Contains a tiny volume of lymph-like fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the name of the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater?

A

Subarachnoid space

Filled with circulating CSF and crossed by trabeculae (spider’s web appearance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which of the meninges provides blood supply to the neural tissue?

A

Pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How do the paired lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle?

A

Via the interventricular foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which 2 sites are ideal for CSF sampling?

A

Lumbar cistern

Atlanto-occipital junction (between atlas and skull)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the 5 main artery pairs off the cerebral arterial circle?

A 
Rostral cerebral 
Middle cerebral
Caudal cerebral
Rostral cerebellar
Caudal cerebellar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the 4 possible sources of arterial blood for the cerebral arterial circle?

A

Internal carotid
Basilar artery
Maxillary artery
Vertebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the functions of the rete mirabile?

A

Gives off a vessel which supplies the cerebral arterial circle
Cool blood down
Reduce blood pulsation before it enters the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How does ritual slaughter affect welfare of cows?

A

Involves slashing throat with no prior stunning
Sheep-carotids are severed therefore so is maxillary, therefore blood supply to brain is interrupted
Cow-still sufficient blood supply reaching brain from vertebral artery to maintain consciousness for up to 85 seconds afterwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Which (dorsal) sinuses sit within the falx cerebri?

A

Dorsal sagittal sinus

Straight sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Which (dorsal) sinuses sit within the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Left and right transverse sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

When the dorsal sinuses join, what do they form?

What does this do?

A

Caudal confluence of sinuses
Drains into veins
Connects with the ventral sinus system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What do the cavernous sinuses drain into?

A

Dorsal and ventral petrosal sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Where do the confluence of sinuses drain into?

A

Maxillary veins
Jugular veins
Occipital vein and/or vertebral vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

How is the venous system of the CNS a potential route for seeding of tumours and infection?

A

Blood flow is slow, bilateral and intermittent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Where does the optic cup develop from?

A

Diencephalon (forebrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Failure of the choroid fissure to close can lead to what?

A

Haemorrhage and blindness in collies

62
Q

What do rods detect?

A 
Low light (night vision)
Black and white
63
Q

What do cones detect?

A 
Bright light (day vision)
Colour
64
Q

Which ares of the eye is the area of greatest visual clarity (acuity)?

A

Fovea

Bipolar and ganglion cells are displaced, easier for light to pass through

65
Q

Which cells are present at the fovea?

A

Cones only

66
Q

What is the ora serrata?

A

Point where photoreceptors end

67
Q

What 3 processes are involved with image formation?

A

Refraction of light
Accommodation of pupil
Constriction of pupil

68
Q

How is aqueous humor formed?

A

Filtration of blood plasma by the ciliary processes.

69
Q

How does fluid return to the circulatory system from the aqueous humour in the anterior chamber?

A

Via venous plexus at the transition between the cornea and sclera (limbus)

70
Q

What is the function of sclera?

A

Support layer
Provides strength in all directions
Highly fibrous, elastic, contains loose connective tissue
Continuous with cornea

71
Q

What kind of muscles constrict the pupil?

A

Circular muscles of iris

72
Q

What kind of muscles dilate the pupils?

A

Radial muscles of iris

73
Q

What are the 3 kinds of strabismus?

Which cranial nerve is dysfunctional in each?

A

Ventrolateral (CN3)
Extorsional (CN4)
Medial (CN6)

74
Q

Which cells are the only special sense receptors that are primary sensory cells and why?

A

Olfactory receptor cells, as they have their own axons

75
Q 
Name the stimuli of each receptor type, and give examples of where they're found in the body
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Electroreceptors
Magnetoreceptors
Nociceptors
A

Mechanoreceptors: Mechanical; inner ear, skin, muscles, heart
Chemoreceptors: Chemical; mouth, nose, brain, large blood vessels
Thermoreceptors: Temperature; skin, brain
Photoreceptors: Light; eyes
Electroreceptors: Electric fields; skin (fish)
Magnetoreceptors: Magnetic fields; location unknown
Nociceptors: Intense, harmful stimuli leading to pain; most parts of body

76
Q

What do rapidly adapting sensory neurons detect?

A

Pressure, touch, smell

77
Q

What do slowly adapting sensory neurons detect?

A

Pain, body position, chemical composition of blood

78
Q

Which receptor cells are abundant in footpads?

A

Expanded tip receptors

Ruffini’s corpuscle

79
Q

Which receptors are present in each layer:
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous layer

A

Epidermis: nociceptors, merkel discs, meissner corpuscles (touch)
Dermis: ruffini corpuscle, pacinian corpuscle
Subcutaneous layer: pacinian corpuscle

80
Q

Give examples of causes of acute and chronic pain

A

Acute: Cut, puncture
Chronic: Burning, aching, throbbing

81
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released from gate cells?

A

Enkephalin

82
Q

What is the molecular layer of the cerebellar composed of?

A

Granule cell axons

Purkinje cell dendrites

83
Q

What is the lens capsule?

A

Thick layer of collagen secreted by underlying epithelial cells

84
Q

What is the pinna of the ear made of?

A

Elastic cartilage

85
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Transmit sound waves from outer ear to inner ear

86
Q

What is the function of the ear drum?

A

Conveys sound vibrations from ear canal to ossicles (small bones)

87
Q

Which cranial nerve crosses the middle ear?

A

Facial

88
Q

What are the functions of the auditory tube?

A

Connects nasopharynx to middle ear

Equalises air pressure on both sides of ear drum

89
Q

Which joints are present between the ossicles?

A

Synovial

90
Q

What are the functions of the inner ear?

A

Hearing-converts middle ear vibrations into electrochemical signals
Balance-enable sensing of position of head in space

91
Q

What are the fluids that separate the bony and membranous labyrinths of the inner ear?

A

Perilymph (outer tube)

Endolymph (inner tube)

92
Q

Where are the highest frequencies detected in the cochlea?

A

Close to the round window

93
Q

How is it that the right and left auditory areas of the cortex receive nerve impulses from both sides?

A

Many auditory axons decussate (cross over) in the medulla

94
Q

Which are the 3 main reflexes that govern posture?

A

Vestibular reflexes
Tonic neck reflexes
Righting reflexes

95
Q

What is a gait?

A

A regularly repeating sequence of leg movements

96
Q

Where is the pattern of a gait generated?

A

Spinal cord

97
Q

What is the difference between a swing phase and a stance phase?

A

Swing phase= foot is airborne

Stance phase= foot is in contact with the ground

98
Q

What is an animal’s span? What is its stride?

A 
Span= distance the body moves while the foot is in contact with the ground
Stride= distance each foot travels between stance phases
99
Q

How do you calculate an animal’s speed?

A

Stride frequency x stride length

100
Q

What is proprioception?

A

The sense of relative position of the body parts in space, and whether/how they are moving

101
Q

What is conscious proprioception used for?

A

To plan and refine complex, voluntary and learned movements

102
Q

What is subconscious proprioception used for?

A

To plan and refine movements such as sitting, standing, scratching, chewing, breathing, and basic locomotion

103
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Alteration in the rate, range and force of movements

104
Q

Dorsal root nerves:
Function?
Contain which fibres?
Innervate structures derived from what?

A

Mixed function
Contain fibres of SA, AA, AE, SVE
Innervate structures derived from pharyngeal arches

105
Q

Ventral root nerves:
Function?
Contain which fibres?
Innervate structures derived from what?

A

Motor function
Contain only SE fibres
Innervate structures derived from somites

106
Q

Which cranial nerves are sensory only?

A

Olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear

107
Q

Which epithelium covers the tongue?

A

Stratified squamous

108
Q

What are the 3 types of gustatory papillae?

A

Vallate
Fungiform
Foliate

109
Q

What are the 3 types of mechanical papillae?

A

Filiform
Conical
Lenticular

110
Q

The lingual tonsil is made of which kind of papillae?

A

Conical

111
Q

Which nerves innervate the tongue? (Sensory and taste)

A

Caudal third: Sensory=glosso-pharyngeal and vagus
Taste=glossopharyngeal and vagus

Rostral two thirds: Sensory=trigeminal mandibular, lingual branch
Taste=chorda tympani of facial, SVA

112
Q

What are tastants?

A

Chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptor cells

113
Q

Why do foods taste different?

A

The patterns of nerve impulses in the taste neurons differ, ie patterns of activity code the taste

114
Q

Give the path of the nerve impulses in the gustatory pathway

A

Tongue -> Medulla oblongata (gustatory nuclei) -> Thalamus, or limbic system and hypothalamus -> Primary taste area in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex

115
Q

Fibres leaving the olfactory bulbs travel in which 2 routes?

A

Subcortical and thalamic-cortical

116
Q

What collective name is given to the regions that make up the ‘olfactory brain’?

A

Rhinencephalon

117
Q

Which area of the brain controls appetite?

A

Hypothalamus

118
Q

Which modulating signals affect appetite and satiety centre?

A 
Glucose
CCK
Gastrointestinal filling
Body fat reserves
Smell
Vision
119
Q

What does the limbic system coordinate?

A

Motivation
Emotion
Homeostasis

120
Q

What is the hippocampus important for?

A

Memory formation

121
Q

What are the effects of a lesion in the limbic system/forebrain?
What are the clinal signs?

A

Changes in behaviour and emotional responses, eg changes in personality, attitude, reaction to environment
Clinical signs: pacing, lethargy, depression, destructive behaviours

122
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

Spontaneous discharge of activity by hippocampal neurons

123
Q

Why can’t an animal sleep if hungry or in pain?

A

Reticular formation neurons receive info from sensory organs and neurons commanding skeletal muscle. Continuous sensory information will cause RF to bombard cortex and keep animal awake.

124
Q

What are the 5 levels of consciousness?

A
  1. Normal
  2. Obtunded (dull)
  3. Stuporous (sleepy)
  4. Comatose
  5. Braindead
125
Q

What is the definition of memory?

A

Storage of information in the nervous system

126
Q

What are the 2 kinds of long term memory?

A

Procedural- provides info on how something is done with regards to movements. Cerebellum

Declarable- info about what something is and what has happened. Cerebral cortex

127
Q

What are the 3 forms of memory?

A

Short term
Long term
Working

128
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used in the somatic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

129
Q

What are the 4 stages of anaesthesia?

A
  1. Analgesia
  2. Excitement
  3. Surgical anaesthesia
  4. Medullary depression
    Aim is to keep patient in stage 3.
130
Q

How do drugs affect the nervous system?

A

Influence the transmission of action potentials by:

  • Increasing/decreasing amount of neurotransmitter at the synaptic //cleft
  • Affecting the affinity of receptor complexes
  • Affecting the ion channels
131
Q

The sympathetic nervous system has preganglionic axons from which spinal segments?

A

Thoracic and lumbar spinal segments

132
Q

Sympathetic supply to the thoracic viscera (lungs, heart) is via which ganglion?

A

Stellate ganglion

Formed by fusion of the vertebral ganglia C7-T3

133
Q

Where do parasympathetic pre-ganglionic axons arise from?

A

Brainstem and sacral spinal segments

134
Q

Parasympathetic system

In which cranial nerves are the cranial pre-ganglionics?

A

Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10

135
Q

What are the 2 types of acetylcholine receptors?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic

136
Q

In the ANS, what types of acetylcholine receptor is present on:
Post-ganglionic receptor
Target organ receptor

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

137
Q

Where are alpha 1 and 2 receptors found? What do they cause?

What is the associated transmitter?

A

Arterioles and veins
Cause vasoconstriction
Noradrenaline/adrenaline

138
Q

Where are beta 1 receptors found?
What do they do?
What is the associated transmitter?

A

Cardiac myocytes
Increase heart rate
Noradrenaline/adrenaline

139
Q

Where are beta 2 receptors found?
What do they do?
What is the associated transmitter?

A

Coronary and skeletal muscle arterioles
Vasodilation
Noradrenaline/adrenaline

140
Q

Where are M2 receptors found?
What do they do?
Transmitter?

A

Cardiac myocytes
Decrease heart rate
Acetylcholine

141
Q

Where are M3 receptors found?
What do they do?
Transmitter?

A

Coronary, genital and skeletal muscle arterioles
Vasodilation
Acetylcholine

142
Q

How do drugs affect the nervous system?

A

Influence the transmission of action potentials by:

  • Increasing/decreasing amount of neurotransmitter at the synaptic //cleft
  • Affecting the affinity of receptor complexes
  • Affecting the ion channels
143
Q

The sympathetic nervous system has preganglionic axons from which spinal segments?

A

Thoracic and lumbar spinal segments

144
Q

Sympathetic supply to the thoracic viscera (lungs, heart) is via which ganglion?

A

Stellate ganglion

Formed by fusion of the vertebral ganglia C7-T3

145
Q

Where do parasympathetic pre-ganglionic axons arise from?

A

Brainstem and sacral spinal segments

146
Q

Parasympathetic system

In which cranial nerves are the cranial pre-ganglionics?

A

Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10

147
Q

What are the 2 types of acetylcholine receptors?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic

148
Q

In the ANS, what types of acetylcholine receptor is present on:
Post-ganglionic receptor
Target organ receptor

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

149
Q

Where are alpha 1 and 2 receptors found? What do they cause?

What is the associated transmitter?

A

Arterioles and veins
Cause vasoconstriction
Noradrenaline/adrenaline

150
Q

Where are beta 1 receptors found?
What do they do?
What is the associated transmitter?

A

Cardiac myocytes
Increase heart rate
Noradrenaline/adrenaline

151
Q

Where are beta 2 receptors found?
What do they do?
What is the associated transmitter?

A

Coronary and skeletal muscle arterioles
Vasodilation
Noradrenaline/adrenaline

152
Q

Where are M2 receptors found?
What do they do?
Transmitter?

A

Cardiac myocytes
Decrease heart rate
Acetylcholine

153
Q

Where are M3 receptors found?
What do they do?
Transmitter?

A

Coronary, genital and skeletal muscle arterioles
Vasodilation
Acetylcholine

Semester 2 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions