Endocrine Flashcards
Glucagon
hormone that increases blood glucose levels.
Glycogenolysis
Glycogen broken down to release glucose into the blood steam
glycogenesis
production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (amino acids)
high blood sugar effects
the heart and the kidneys
Type one
What is it?
percent?
onset?
no insulin available destruction of beta cells in the pancreas. 5-10 percent of diabetes
Abrupt childhood or youngadult
Type 2-
Type 2- cells are not responding to insulin 90-95 percent of people. people tend to have obesity high blood pressure onset middle age
Gestational diabetes-
glucose intol during preg. Usually temp. There is a risk that they might develop after. Treated with insulin. It will effect mom and baby. Once baby is born there is hypoglycemia in the mom high birth weight for the baby.
Lab values-
Fasting plasma glucose 126mg/dL after fasting 8 hours=diabetes
Normal glucose is 60-100mg/dL
HbA1C-measures prolonged hyperglycemia- the amt of glucose bound to hemoglobin (Hgb) (ave measure over 2-3 months). >6.5%
Prediabetes-100-125mg/dl
Treatment type 1
Insulin therapy
Treatment 2
anti-diabetic drugs and sometimes insulin-many times needed later on for continued tight control of blood sugar. Diet
Exercise-
Medications- oral ani-diabetic drugs+ Insulin
thyroid effects
Metabolism
GI function
Cardiac function
Growth and development
T Hormones
synthesized from iodine and aminoacidic tirozine
-Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
-Majority of circulating hormone is in the T4 but once it enters the peripheral tissues, it converts to T3 (bio active form of hormone)
Regulated by hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland-Negative feedback loop.
Learn thyroid hormone feedback loop
ok?
Hypothyroidism causes
Autoimmune thyroiditis (hashimotos thyroiditis)
-Most common
Destruction of thyroid by radioactive iodine
Insufficient dietary iodine
-not common in USA because of salt
Surgical removal if thyroid
Hyperthyroidism
Graves disease-autoimmune disorder
Excess thyroid hormone- goiter, exothelium’s bulging eyes.
Tipes of therapies category
Biologic-herbs, diet, supplements
Alternative systems- naturpathy, homeopathy, chineese meds chiro
Manual- massage reiki
Mind body interventions- yoga mediation, biofeedback, hypnotherapy
Spiritual-Shamans, faith, prayer
Diatary supplements
Not under same scrutiny
FDA can remove them
Label must have “dietary sup”
Must have-diagnosi, treat, cure, or prevent disease.
Don’t have to test before
FDA has burden of proof-takes a long time
Effectiveness does not have to be demonstrated and labels don’t have to be
Dietary supplement and nonprescription drug consumer protection act
Companies must include contact info
Allows for reporting adverse effects
US pharmacopoeia verification program
Examines manufacturing processes of supplemental companies
-test ingredients-check to match up
Checks bioavailability
If standards are met it has USP verification label or mark.
This helps show purity, active ingredients, not contain anything harmful
insulin ways to give
outes – Subcutaneous via syringe, OptiClick, or pump; can also be give
types of insulin
rapid 5-15mins
short-30-60min-reg
long acting basal- 2-8 hours no peak
combo-short/rapid+basal
insulin sites
ab, thigh, arm. change sites. ab great for absorption and accessibility
insulin storage
Insulin storage should be stored in cool dry place. Once you break cap on IN- It is good for 30 days you want to keep it out of heat or sunlight. Heat can change the integrity. You want to make sure there are no particles. Don’t shake- if you do it changes integrity Roll ll gently.
signs of hypoglycemia
– blood sugar <70 mg/dL; drowsy/fatigued; confused; pale; hungry; feels weak; sweaty; shaking; unconscious
signs of hyperglycemia
– thirsty; blurred vision; headache; increased urination; weight los
insulin problems
hypoglycemic or insulin shock
How does human regular insulin work?
Transports glucose.
When should a nurse check bs?
Prior to meals
s/s of hyper or hypo glycemia
when patient is sick
before and after exercise
what type of insulin is given at meal times and bedtime?
MT-rapid and short
BT-Intermediate and long acting
