Endocrine

Question 1

Glucagon

Answer 1

hormone that increases blood glucose levels.

Question 2

Glycogenolysis

Answer 2

Glycogen broken down to release glucose into the blood steam

Question 3

glycogenesis

Answer 3

production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (amino acids)

Question 4

high blood sugar effects

Answer 4

the heart and the kidneys

Question 5

Type one
What is it?
percent?
onset?

Answer 5

no insulin available destruction of beta cells in the pancreas. 5-10 percent of diabetes
Abrupt childhood or youngadult

Question 6

Type 2-

Answer 6

Type 2- cells are not responding to insulin 90-95 percent of people. people tend to have obesity high blood pressure onset middle age

Question 7

Gestational diabetes-

Answer 7

glucose intol during preg. Usually temp. There is a risk that they might develop after. Treated with insulin. It will effect mom and baby. Once baby is born there is hypoglycemia in the mom high birth weight for the baby.

Question 8

Lab values-

Answer 8

Fasting plasma glucose 126mg/dL after fasting 8 hours=diabetes
Normal glucose is 60-100mg/dL
HbA1C-measures prolonged hyperglycemia- the amt of glucose bound to hemoglobin (Hgb) (ave measure over 2-3 months). >6.5%
Prediabetes-100-125mg/dl

Question 9

Treatment type 1

Answer 9

Insulin therapy

Question 10

Treatment 2

Answer 10

anti-diabetic drugs and sometimes insulin-many times needed later on for continued tight control of blood sugar. Diet
Exercise-
Medications- oral ani-diabetic drugs+ Insulin

Question 11

thyroid effects

Answer 11

Metabolism
GI function
Cardiac function
Growth and development

Question 12

T Hormones

Answer 12

synthesized from iodine and aminoacidic tirozine
-Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
-Majority of circulating hormone is in the T4 but once it enters the peripheral tissues, it converts to T3 (bio active form of hormone)
Regulated by hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland-Negative feedback loop.

Question 13

Learn thyroid hormone feedback loop

Answer 13

ok?

Question 14

Hypothyroidism causes

Answer 14

Autoimmune thyroiditis (hashimotos thyroiditis)
-Most common
Destruction of thyroid by radioactive iodine
Insufficient dietary iodine
-not common in USA because of salt
Surgical removal if thyroid

Question 15

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 15

Graves disease-autoimmune disorder

Excess thyroid hormone- goiter, exothelium’s bulging eyes.

Question 16

Tipes of therapies category

Answer 16

Biologic-herbs, diet, supplements
Alternative systems- naturpathy, homeopathy, chineese meds chiro
Manual- massage reiki
Mind body interventions- yoga mediation, biofeedback, hypnotherapy
Spiritual-Shamans, faith, prayer

Question 17

Diatary supplements

Answer 17

Not under same scrutiny
FDA can remove them
Label must have “dietary sup”
Must have-diagnosi, treat, cure, or prevent disease.
Don’t have to test before
FDA has burden of proof-takes a long time
Effectiveness does not have to be demonstrated and labels don’t have to be

Question 18

Dietary supplement and nonprescription drug consumer protection act

Answer 18

Companies must include contact info

Allows for reporting adverse effects

Question 19

US pharmacopoeia verification program

Answer 19

Examines manufacturing processes of supplemental companies
-test ingredients-check to match up
Checks bioavailability
If standards are met it has USP verification label or mark.
This helps show purity, active ingredients, not contain anything harmful

Question 20

insulin ways to give

Answer 20

outes – Subcutaneous via syringe, OptiClick, or pump; can also be give

Question 21

types of insulin

Answer 21

rapid 5-15mins
short-30-60min-reg
long acting basal- 2-8 hours no peak
combo-short/rapid+basal

Question 22

insulin sites

Answer 22

ab, thigh, arm. change sites. ab great for absorption and accessibility

Question 23

insulin storage

Answer 23

Insulin storage should be stored in cool dry place. Once you break cap on IN- It is good for 30 days you want to keep it out of heat or sunlight. Heat can change the integrity. You want to make sure there are no particles. Don’t shake- if you do it changes integrity Roll ll gently.

Question 24

signs of hypoglycemia

Answer 24

– blood sugar <70 mg/dL; drowsy/fatigued; confused; pale; hungry; feels weak; sweaty; shaking; unconscious

Question 25

signs of hyperglycemia

Answer 25

– thirsty; blurred vision; headache; increased urination; weight los

Question 26

insulin problems

Answer 26

hypoglycemic or insulin shock

Question 27

How does human regular insulin work?

Answer 27

Transports glucose.

Question 28

When should a nurse check bs?

Answer 28

Prior to meals
s/s of hyper or hypo glycemia
when patient is sick
before and after exercise

Question 29

what type of insulin is given at meal times and bedtime?

Answer 29

MT-rapid and short

BT-Intermediate and long acting