Endocrine Flashcards
GFR
GFR corresponds with Salt (Na), Sugar (glucocorticoids), and sex (androgens)
Adrenal cortex and medulla
Zona Glomerulosa - Renin-Angiotensin ; Aldosterone
Zona Fasciculata - ACTH, CRH ; Cortisol, Sex hormones
Zona Reticularis - ACTH, CRH ; Sex hormones (androgens)
Chromaffin cells - Preganglionic sympathetic fibers ; Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
Pheochromocytoma
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults
Neuroblastoma
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in children. Rarely causes hypertension
Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
Secretes vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin, made in the hypothalamus and shipped to posterior pituitary via neurophysins (carrier proteins). Derived from neuroectoderm
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
Secretes FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, GH, melanotropin (MSH). Derived from oral ectoderm (Rathke pouch). a subunit - hormone subunit common to TSH, LH, FSH, and hCG. b subunit - determines hormone specificty.
Acidophils - GH, prolactin
B-FLAT: Basophils - FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
Glucose regulation
FA 308
Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias
FA 312
Signaling pathways of endocrine hormones
cAMP - FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2-receptor), MSH, PTH, calcitonin GHRH, glucagon.
cGMP - ANP, NO (EDRF) (think vasodilators)
IP3 - GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1-receptor), Angiotensin II, Gastrin
Steroid receptor - Vitamin D, Estrogen, Testosterone, T3/T4, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Progesterone
Intrinsic tyrosine kinase - Insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF, EGF
Receptor-associated tyrosine kinase - Prolactin, Immunomodulators (e.g., cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IFN), GH
Wolf-Chaikoff effect
excess iodine temporarily inhibits thyroid peroxidase -> dec iodine organification -> dec T3/T4 production
Cushing syndrome
FA 317
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrom
Acute primary adrenal insufficiency due to adrenal hemorrhage associated with Neisseria meningitids septicemia, DIC, and endotoxi shock.
Neuroblastoma
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in children, usually <4 years old. Originates from neural crest cells. Occurs anywhere along the sympathetic chain. Most common presentation is abdominal distension and a firm, irregular mass that can cross the midline (vs. Wilms tumor , which is smooth and unilateral). Homovanillic acid (HVA), a breakdown product of dopamine, inc in urine. Bombesin +. Less likely to develop hypertension. Associated with overexpression of N-myc oncogene.
Pheochromocytoma
FA 319
Hyperthyroidism
FA 322
