Behavioral Science

Question 1

Cross-sectional study

Answer 1

observational. Collects data from a group of people to assess frequency of disease ( and related risk factors)

Question 2

Case-control study

Answer 2

Observational and retrospective. Compares a group of people with disease to a group without disease. Odds ratio

Question 3

Cohort study

Answer 3

Observational and prospective or retrospective. Compares a group with a given exposure or risk factor to a group without such exposure. Relative risk

Question 4

Diagnostic test evaluation

Answer 4

Question 5

Odds ratio

Answer 5

(a/c)/(b/d) Case-control studies

Question 6

Relative risk

Answer 6

(a/(a+b))/(c/(c+d)) cohort studies

Question 7

Relative risk reduction

Answer 7

1 - RR

Question 8

Attributable risk

Answer 8

AR = a/(a+b) - c/(c+d)

Question 9

Absolute risk reduction

Answer 9

the difference in risk (not the proportion) attributable to the intervention as compared to a control (e.g. if 8% of people who receive a placebo vaccine develop flu vs 2% of people who receive a flu vaccine, then ARR= 8%-2%=6%

Question 10

Number needed to treat

Answer 10

1/ARR

Question 11

Number needed to harm

Answer 11

1/AR

Question 12

Berkson bias

Answer 12

A study only looking at inpatients

Question 13

Hawthorne effect

Answer 13

groups who know they’re being studied behave differently than they would otherwise

Question 14

Pygmalion effect

Answer 14

(self-fulfilling prophecy) - Researcher’s belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of that treatment

Question 15

Statistal hypotheses

Answer 15

Question 16

Power

Answer 16

1-B - Probability of rejecting the null hypotheses when it is false. increase power and decrease B by increasing sample size, increase expected effect size, and increasing precision of measurment

Question 17

Confidence Interval

Answer 17

CI=range from [mean-Z(SEM)] to [mean+Z(SEM)] for 95% CI Z=1.96, 99% Z =2.58

SEM = sigma/sqrt(n) sigma=stdDev