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Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

SIADH

A

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
SI = Soaked Inside
Stop urinating
Sticky and thick urine = high urine specific gravity 1.030 +
Low and liquid labs
Hypo osmolality (low)
Hyponatremia below 135 na+
Sodium low (headache Early sign)
Seizures (from low sodium, headache, confusion)
Server high blood pressure (edema)
stop all fluids + give salt + diuretics
(no IV or drinking) unless it is IV 3% saline + eat salt

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2
Q

SIADH Causes

A

Pressure on pituitary gland
Small cell lung cancer
Severe brain trauma (surgery)
Sepsis infections of brain (meningitis)
Montior I/O

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3
Q

SIADH Treatment

A

Monitor I/O
Daily weights
Weight gain = water gain

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4
Q

Anti-Diruetic Hormone

A

Adds H2O
Created in the pituitary gland
Creates fluid in the body

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5
Q

Synthetic ADH

A

Synthetic ADH = Demompression, Vasopressin
Given to decrease urine output and increase BP, headaches are huge priory
Labs are low Na+ (135 or less) leading to seizures

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6
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

DI = Dry Inside
Diurese, Drain a lot of fluid
“Die ADH”
Increased urination
Looks dehydrated
Opposite of SIADH
Diluted urine low specific gravity (1.005)
High and dry labs
Hype osmolality (high)
Hypernatremia over 145+ na
Increased thirty
Dry mucosa and skin
Decreased blood pressure
Demopressin “vasopressin” (ADH)
Decrease urine output
Dealth by headache (decreases na+)

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7
Q

DI Causes

A

Damage to brain
Tumours
Trauma
Surgery
(increased ICP which squeezes pituitary)
Montior I/O

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8
Q

DI Treatment

A

Montior I/O
Daily weights
Weight loss = water loss

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9
Q

What does the nurse expect to find in a patient with SIADH

A

Low blood osmolality
Hyponatremia
Decreased urine output

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10
Q

When caring for a patient with SIADH what does the nurse expect to implement

A

Fluid restriction
Seizure precautions
Monitor urine I/O

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11
Q

A client with a brain tumour develops diabetes insidious which data should the nurse expect to find?

A

Increased thirst
High blood serum osmolality

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12
Q

A client is newly prescribed demopressin nasal spray, which statement by client indicates further education is needed?

A

Frequent headaches are normal
Im glad this drug is able to treat my SIADH
I will weight myself weakly

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13
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Low and Slow energy
Low T3 and T4
High TSH

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14
Q

Hypothyroidism cause

A

Iodine deficiency major
Hashimotos
Low dietary iodine
Pituitary tumor
Thyroidectomy (cannot produce any thyroid hormones at all)

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15
Q

Hypothyroidism Signs and symptoms

A

Hashimoto’s - Low and Slow
Low energy “fatigue weakness, muscle pains and aches
Low metabolism Weight gain/water gain (edema eyes)
Low digestion (Constipation)
Low hair loss “alopecia” not hirsutism
Low mental-forgetful, AlOC (altered)
Low Mood-pression “apathy, confusion)
low libido, low sex drive, infertile
Slow Dry skin turgor
low and slow mensturation “irregular periods”
No period “missed’ = amenorrhea
Slow heavy periods = hypermenorrhea

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16
Q

Hypothyroidism pharmacology

A

Levothyroxine
leaves T3 and T4 in the body
Life long drug - never stop taking (long slow onset, 3-4 weeks until you see relief)
Early morning x1 daily never at night
Empty stomach
Report S/S of hyperthyroidism (agitation and confusion)
Pregnancy Safe

No FOOD
No cure
No dobling dose
Never abruptly stop taking med

*Avoid narcotics and sedatives (benzodiazepines)

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17
Q

Hypothyroidism Diet

A

Low calories
Low cholesterol and Sat, Fats
Frequent rest periods

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18
Q

Myxoedema coma extreme low

A

severe hypothyroidism leading to decreased mental status, hypothermia, and other symptoms related to slowing of function in multiple organs

Low RR - respiratory failure
Priority place “tracheostomy kit” bedside
Key word: “Endotracheal intubation set up
Low BP and HR “hypotension” “bradycardia” (below 60)
Low temp, cold intolerance, no electric blankets

Risk factors; post thyroidectomy
Abrupt STOP of levothyroxine

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19
Q

Hypothalmus and thyroid hormones

A

Hypothalamus releases TRH (thyrotropin-relasing hormone) which then tells the anterior pituitary to release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

T4 (thyroid hormone)
T3 (active thyroid hormone)
Calcitonin: (puts a ton off Ca in bone) tones down calcium in the blood by putting it in the bone

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20
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

High and Hot energy
Graves Disease (gains disease)
High T3 and T4
TSH low

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21
Q

Hyperthyroidism Signs and Symptoms

A

Graves disease
Grape Eyes “Exothalamos
Us eyepatch/tape down eyelids
Golf balls in throat “Goiter”
High BP - HtN crisis
(MI, CVA< aneurysm)
High HR tachycardia
Heart palpations + atrial fibrillation
High weight loss (high metbolism)
High temp
Hot sweaty skin (diaphoresis)
Diarrhea

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22
Q

Diet Hyperthyroidism

A

High calories (4000-5000 per day)
High protein and carbs
Frequent meals and snacks (six to eight meals per day)

AVOID:
NO high fibre
NO caffeine
NO spicy food

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23
Q

Thyroid Storm

A

Aka thyroid toxicosis this will kill the patient
Agitation and confusion are early signs
High HR, High BP
Increased Temp

thyroid gland suddenly releases large amounts of thyroid hormone in a short period of time. it’s often caused by a sudden and intense (acute) event or situation. Sudden events that can trigger a thyroid storm include: Suddenly stop taking your antithyroid medication. Thyroid surgery (thyroidectomy)

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24
Q

Hyperthyroidism Causes

A

Excess Iodine
Levothyroxine excess

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25
Q

Hyperthyroidism pharmacology

A

Stop the thyroid from making T3 and T4, slows the thyroid down
methimazole: not pregnancy safe
PTU propylthiouracil: puts thyroid underground, baby safe
Report fever/sore throat

SSKI: Potassium Iodide
Shrinks the thyroid before removal, stains teeth, keep 1 hour apart from other thryoidism medications
Beta Blockers: lol
HR increased used to lower HR and BP

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26
Q

RAIU: Radioactive iodine Uptake (destroys the thyroid)

A

Destroys thyroid in one does, monitor for hypothyroidism =extreme lows
Before giving:
Neg preg test
Remove neck jewelry and dentures
5-7 days before hold antithyroid meds
NPO 2-4 hours before, 1-2 hours after

After
Avoid everyone up to 7 days
Not pregnant people
No crowds
Not same restroom (flush 3x)
Not same food utensils
Not same laundry as your family
No cuddling, no kissing

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27
Q

Thyroidectomy

A

Done for hyperthyroidism

Airway: monitor for
Laryngeal strider
Noisy breathing
Hoarseness and weak voice
#1 priority: Endotracheal tube at bedside
Look for bleeding around pillow and insertion site
Neutral head and neck alignment
NOT supine, HOB 30-45 degrees
no flexing or extending neck
Low calcium (below 8.6)
Remove T check C
First sign of low calcium tingling and numbness around mouth and fingers
Trousseau and Chvostek

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28
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

Cushion of steroids HIGH “too much steroids”
Big, round, hairy
High blood pressure
High glucose, high sodium
big belly “truncal obesity”
Moon Face
Fat bad
lots of hair Hirsutism
Stretch marks
Red face
infections ’slow wound healing’
Risk for fractures - brittle bones

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29
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Parathyroid glands responsible for regulation of blood calcium (9.0-10.5)
Hypercalcimia

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30
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia

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31
Q

Addisions disease

A

Absence of steroids, body does not produce steroids
Low Cortisol

Low BP
Wight loss: Skinny + tan
Low Temp
Low sodium
Hair loss
Low glucose

High Pigmentation and High Potassium
Need to be on life long hormone replacement

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32
Q

Addison vs. Cushing pathophysiology

A

Hypothalamus release CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) which tells the pituitary to secrete ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) which simulates adrenal gland to produce steroids which controls the 3 S’s
Sugar (cortisol) = stress hormone, prednisone
S - salt (aldosterone)
S - Sex and hair (androgens)

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33
Q

Addisons Disease Causes

A

Absent low steroids
Autoimmune (body kills adrenals or pituitary)
Disease: Cancer, infections (TB/HIV)
Damage: adrenal hemorrhage (trauma)

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34
Q

Cushing Causes

A

High cortisol
Steroids - prednisone long term therapy, makes adrenals think they can stoop producing steroids
Tumor (pituitary adrenal)
Small cell lung cancer

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35
Q

Addison Treatment

A

add steroids during times off stress to avoid Addisons crisis, teach its to tell doctors about stress
Diet high in protein, carbs and sodium
Don’t stop taking steroids abruptly will cause Addison crisis
Don’t believe medication will cure you
Lifelong hormone replacement therapy

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36
Q

Cushing treatment

A

Control causes
Cut out tumour or steroids (slowly decrease)
Remove of organ = replace hormone, lifelong hormone replacement therapy

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37
Q

Steroid Precautions

A

prednisone, hydrocortisone, dexemthasone
Swollen (water gain, weight gain)
Sepsis
Hyperglycaemia - increase insulin
Skinny (muscles and bones “osteoporosis”
Sight - Cataracts

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38
Q

Prevent Adrenal Crisis

A

Slowly tapper off - never abruptly stop steroids
always increase dose of steroids with increase stress
watch for drop in blood pressure = hypotensive shock

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39
Q

Adrenal Crisis Treatment

A

Add steroids IV push
Dehydration (IV NS 0.9%)
dextrose (D50 IV fluids)

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40
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

A

Auto immune disease
Body does not make inulin
genetic
Insulin dependent for life

41
Q

Insulin

A

Released when blood sugar is high
Puts sugar and potassium in to the cells
= sugar and potassium decrease in the blood

Increase insulin with stress, sepsis, surgery and steroids
If sugar is still high after insulin = critical situation, call doctor

42
Q

Glucagon

A

When blood sugar is low (exercise or forget to eat) if we do not have food, used to breakdown stored glucose which increase sugar in the blood

43
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A

Insulin resistant
Risk factor based on exercise and diet
Sign of insulin resistance Brownish or dark thickening on the neck and armpits, hyperpigmentation and skin tags (canthosis nigricans)

44
Q

Diagnosis Diabetes

A

Normal Glucose 70-115
Fasting under 100
Hemoglobin a1c less than 6.5 (2-3 month sugar test to see if its are compliant with controlling their blood sugars long term)
Compliance
Type 2: Diet and exercise
Type 1: Insulin

45
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hyperglycemia

A

Over 115
Polyurea: increased urination
Polydipsia: increased thirst
Polyphagia: increased hunger

46
Q

Causes of Hyperglycemia

A

Sepsis (infection)
Stress (surgery, hospital stay)
Skip insulin
Steroids (prednisone)

47
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hypoglycaemia

A

Most deadly “brain will die”
Cool
Pale ‘pallor”
sweaty, diaphoretic, clammy
nervous, anxious, trembling
Headache
irritable
weakness
Anxious and trembling
Sweat and diaphoresis
Hunger

48
Q

Hypoglycemia Treatment

A

Awake = Ask to eat, juice, soda, crackers, low fat milk or peanut butter

Sleep: not alert, unresponsive to painful stimuli = stab with dextrose IV and always reassess sugars

49
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A

under 70
Causes brain death

50
Q

Causes of Hypoglycemia

A

Exercise = give extra glucose
Alcohol = lowers sugar
Insulin Peak times = most at risk for low sugar =, give food

51
Q

A client with type 1 is only responsive to painful stimuli with a blood sugar of 42, what is the first action taken by the nurse

A

Give dextrose IV push and reassess after 15 minutes

52
Q

Which medication could cause risk for hyperglycaemia

A

Prednisone

53
Q

The non diabetic client is admitted for a kidney infection that has now turned septic. The blood sugars have. increased from 150 to 225, what is the best answer to give a family member who is asking why insulin is used

A

High sugar is common during infection and stress to the body, the insulin will help lower the sugar until the infection relsoves

54
Q

Complications off Hyperglycaemia

A

Blood turns to mud
Scars blood vessels = atherosclerosis
kidneys = renal failure, creatinine over 1.3
Eyes = retinopathy “blind” frequent eye exams are recommended
Nerves = neuropathy (diabetic feet, slow wound healing)
Heart = HTN and atheroscerlosis
Brain = CVA “stroke”

55
Q

Type 2 diabetes treatment

A

Diet
Exercise
Oral meds
Insulin (last line)

56
Q

Insulin Test tips

A

Give foods during peaks, know peak times
Deadly Hypoglycaemia (70 or less)
No peak, no mix = long acting “old guy”
IVP/IV only = regular insulin
Draw up inulin: clear to cloudy regular first then NPH
Rotate locations, best is abdomen, never aspirate never add eat or massage after sub q infection
DKA type 1 - ’sick days’ - YES give insulin

57
Q

Long acting Insulin

A

No peak
No mix = dry up in separate syringes”
Detemir
Glargine
Duration 24 hours +

58
Q

NPH

A

Intermediate
Cloudy
Never IV
mix clear 2 cloudy
given 2x per day
Duration 14 hours+
Peak 4-12 hour

59
Q

Regular

A

Ready to go IV
Only IV insulin
Duration 5-8 hours
Peak 2-4 hours

60
Q

Rapid

A

Aspart/lispro/glulisine
Duration 3-5 hours
Most deadly
15 minute onset
must be eating
Peak 30-90 min

61
Q

Nurse gives regular insulin at 12pm for lunch but patient doesn’t finish their food

A

2-4pm

62
Q

Metabolic Syndrome

A

3 or more criteria
BP meds or High BP
Blood sugar meds or high blood sugar (100+ fasting)
Obese was it size
35 + female, 45+ male
Lipids “high cholesterol”
All contribute to type 2 diabetes

63
Q

Insulin Pumps

A

Steady dose of insulin
Fewer swings in blood sugar
Check 4 times per day
push insulin bolus button at meal times
Always asses pt first and then machine second

64
Q

Oral agents - Type 1 diabetes

A

Never take PO meds with
Iron
Calcium
Anti acids
Tums

Metformin
Glipizide and Glyburide: heart can die, slow position changes
Thiazolidinedione (TZD) pioglitazone - one dead heart
Acarbose and precose “flatus and diarrhea

65
Q

Diabetes Education

A

Diet low in sugar and low simple carbs
Avoid soda, candy, white bread/rice juices
good carbs: high fibre (complex carbs) Brown (bean, rice, bread, peanut butter“whole wheat/grain/milk
Bad Carbs: Low fibre (simple carbs)
White (bread, rice, pastas, fries)
Unless sugar is less than 70
sugar of 60 or less in am = eat bedtime snack

66
Q

Diabetic feet

A

Diabetic feet: Bacteria feasts on sugar, foot protection is huge
Clean, dry and injury free
Avoid flip flops, high heels, nylon, bare feet
Do: clean dry, closed toe, comfortable, supportive, leather shoes
Avoid over the counter corn removal, overly hot (bath pads etc)
Toe injury - daily inspection, always cut toenails straight, dry between toes after shower

No callous removal
No heavy powder
No rubbing feet hard vigorously
No hot baths pr hot pads

67
Q

Which statement by the patient with diabetes indicates correct understanding

A

I will use lather shoes with cotton socks

68
Q

Fasting with Diabetes

A

Low sugar - hypoglycaemia

69
Q

Which clients are at risk for developing metabolic syndrome?

A

48 year old file with fasting blood glucose of 105
55 year old female with waist size of 40 inches
28 year old make with blood pressure 135/85

70
Q

When assessing a client with pheochromocytoma, a tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes excessive catecholamine, the nurse is most likely to detect

A

a blood pressure of 176/88 mm Hg.
Pheochromocytoma causes hypertension, tachycardia, hyperglycemia, hypermetabolism, and weight loss. It isn’t associated with hypotension, hypoglycemia, or bradycardia.

71
Q

A client is admitted with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS). Which laboratory finding should the nurse expect in this client?

A

blood glucose level 1,100 mg/dl (61.05 mmol/L)

72
Q

A client with diabetes is being tested for glycosylated hemoglobin. How would the nurse explain the reason for this diagnostic test?

A

It determines the average blood glucose level in the previous 2-3 months.

73
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperaldosteronism?

A

an adrenal adenoma

74
Q

A nurse is evaluating the effectiveness of teaching a client about how to self-administer insulin. Which action indicates that additional teaching is necessary?

The client:

A

waits 30 minutes to eat breakfast after injecting rapid-acting insulin

75
Q

When instructing a client diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism about diet, the nurse should stress the importance of

A

encouraging fluids.The nurse should encourage fluid intake to prevent renal calculi formation. Sodium should be encouraged to replace losses in urine. Restricting potassium isn’t necessary in hyperparathyroidism.

76
Q

The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing which substances?

A

glucocorticoids and androgens

77
Q

The nurse is developing a teaching plan with a client who is newly diagnosed with Addison disease. Which topic is most important to include in the teaching plan?

A

the importance of watching for signs of hyperglycemia

78
Q

The nurse is teaching the client how to administer insulin. Which instruction should the nurse include?

A

“First withdraw clear, then cloudy insulin when mixing insulins in the same syringe.”

79
Q

A client is admitted to an acute care facility with a tentative diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism. The nurse should monitor the client closely for the related problem of

A

profound neuromuscular irritability.

80
Q

A client is placed on hypocalcemia precautions after removal of the parathyroid gland for cancer. The nurse should observe the client for which symptoms? Select all that apply.

A

numbness
tingling
muscle twitching and spasms

81
Q

A client is admitted with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS). Which laboratory finding should the nurse expect in this client?

A

blood glucose level 1,100 mg/dl (61.05 mmol/L)

82
Q

A client is seen in the clinic for newly diagnosed hypothyroidism. Which topics should the nurse include in a client teaching plan? Select all that apply.

A

high-fiber, low-calorie diet
use of stool softeners
thyroid hormone replacements

83
Q

Bone resorption is a possible complication of Cushing disease. To help the client prevent this complication, the nurse should make which recommendation to the client?

A

Maintain a regular program of weight-bearing exercise.

84
Q

Emergency treatment for acute adrenal insufficiency (addisonian crisis)

A

Emergency treatment for acute adrenal insufficiency (addisonian crisis) is I.V. infusion of hydrocortisone and saline solution

85
Q

A client with type 1 diabetes mellitus is admitted to the emergency department. Which respiratory pattern in a client with diabetes mellitus requires immediate action?

A

deep, rapid respirations with long expirations

86
Q

A female client is being successfully treated for Cushing’s syndrome. The nurse should expect a decline in

A

serum glucose level.

87
Q

The nurse is caring for a client who is scheduled for an adrenalectomy. Which drug may be included in the preoperative prescriptions to prevent Addisonian crisis following surgery?

A

methylprednisolone sodium succinate intravenously

88
Q

Which findings should a nurse expect to assess in client with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

weight gain, decreased appetite, and constipation

89
Q

A client with hypothyroidism (myxedema) is receiving levothyroxine, 25 mcg P.O. daily. Which finding should the nurse recognize as an adverse reaction to the drug?

A

tachycardia

90
Q

A nurse is caring for a client in addisonian crisis. Which medication order should the nurse question?

A

potassium chloride

91
Q

A nurse is caring for a client in acute addisonian crisis. Which test result does the nurse expect to see?

A

serum potassium level of 6.8 mEq/L (6.8 mmol/L)

92
Q

Which finding should the nurse report to the client’s health care provider for a client with unstable type 1 diabetes mellitus? Select all that apply.

A

systolic blood pressure, 145 mm Hg
diastolic blood pressure, 87 mm Hg
triglycerides, 425 mg/dL (23.6 mmol/L)

93
Q

Which assessment in a client that has just returned from having a modified radical neck dissection with skin flap would require a nurse to take immediate action?

A

The skin flap appears white.

94
Q

One day after a subtotal thyroidectomy, a client begins to have tingling in the fingers and toes. What should the nurse do first?

A

Notify the health care provider (HCP).

95
Q

A client with type 1 diabetes takes 15 units of insulin isophane before breakfast and 8 units before dinner. During a follow-up visit, the nurse reevaluates the client’s knowledge about insulin therapy and self-administration skills. The nurse realizes the client requires additional teaching when the nurse discovers the client takes which over-the-counter preparations?

A

salicylate-containing preparations

96
Q

A client with diabetes mellitus has a foot ulcer. The physician orders bed rest, a wet-to-damp dressing change every shift, and blood glucose monitoring before meals and at bedtime. Why are wet-to-damp dressings used for this client?

A

They debride the wound and promote healing by secondary intention.

97
Q

A client with cirrhosis is receiving lactulose. The nurse notes the client is more confused and has asterixis. What should the nurse do next?

A

Assess for gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding.

98
Q

The nurse has instructed the client on how to self-administer NPH insulin. Which finding indicates that the client needs additional teaching?

A

shakes the insulin vial before withdrawing the insulin into the syringe.

99
Q

A client with a history of hypertension is diagnosed with primary hyperaldosteronism. This diagnosis indicates that the client’s hypertension is caused by excessive hormone secretion from which gland?

A

adrenal cortex

Nclex Study Cards (38 decks)

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