Endemics

Question 1

Endemic

Answer 1

Prevalent in or peculiar to a particular locality, region, or people

Question 2

Dimorphic Fungi

Answer 2

• Fungi that grow as either a yeast or a mould depending on environmental conditions.

Question 3

Coccidioidomycosis:

• Endemic to:
• Environment exists as?
• Tissues exists as?
• All cases need to be treated?
• Pathogen?
• Diagnosis?
• Treatment?
• Complication?

Answer 3

Endemic to: Hot, dry, alkaline soil (dust storm). California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas
Environment exists as: Mold
Tissues exists as: Yeast
All cases need to be treated: No
Pathogen: C. immitis
Diagnosis: Biopsy and culture! Or antibody detection
Treatment: Amphotericin B, Fluconazole, Itraconazole
Complication: Pulmonary disease which is FATAL! Also Extrapulmonary disease which mainly found SKIN, Bone and joint, and meningitis.

Question 4

Spherule?

Answer 4

• Parasitic (tissue) form of growth in humans of coccidioidomycosis

Question 5

Blastomycosis:

• Endemic to?
• Environment exists as?
• Tissues exists as?
• All cases need to be treated?
• Pathogen?
• Diagnosis?
• Treatment?
• Presentation?

Answer 5

Endemic to: Eastern states, close to river basins
Environment exists as: Mold
Tissues exists as: Yeast
All cases need to be treated: YES 2/3 mortality rate!
Pathogen: Blastomyces dermatitidis
Diagnosis: Identify fungus in smear or culture (2-4 weeks to grow!)
Treatment: Amphotericin B, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole
Presentation: Infection in pet dogs! Chronic pneumonia. Most common extrapulmonary manifestation? Seen on skin!

Question 6

Histoplasmosis:

• Endemic to?
• Environment exists as?
• Tissues exists as?
• Severity of primary infection relates to?
• Diagnosis?
• Treatment?
• Presentation?
• Risk Factors?

Answer 6

Endemic to: Moderate Climate and humidity
Environment exists as: Mold
Tissues exists as: Yeast
Severity of primary infection relates to? Inoculum size
Diagnosis: Cultures, Antigen detection! FUNGAL STAIN, serological tests!
Treatment: Amphotericin B, then Itraconazole
Presentation: fever, chills, chest pain.
Risk Factors: Bird and bat poo… These enhance sporulation. Grow well inside macrophages!

Question 7

Acute Progressive disseminated Histoplasmosis

Answer 7

100% mortality in untreated!! Do fungal stain = rapid diagnosis, also serological tests!

Question 8

Sporotrichosis:

• Endemic to?
• Pathogen?
• Clinical Presentation?
• Diagnosis?
• Treatment?

Answer 8

Sporotrichosis:
Endemic to: Tropical and subtropical
Pathogen: Sporothrix schenckii
Clinical Presentation: Lesions at site of trauma. Usually painless even when they ulcerate
Diagnosis: Cutaneous presentation. Culture of affected site
Treatment: Lymphocutaneous- Itraconazole. Extracutaneous - itraconazole, Amphotericin B