Enculturation

Question 1

Constant across cultures:

Answer 1

people wish to become competent, productive adults.

Question 2

Different across cultures:

Answer 2

meaning of “competent” and “productive”.

Question 3

Socialisation

Answer 3

process by which we learn and internalise rules patterns of society.

Question 4

Enculturation

Answer 4

process of learning and adopting ways and manners of their culture.

Question 5

Socialisation and enculturation agents

Answer 5

People, institutions, and organisations that ensure socialisation and enculturation occurs.

Question 6

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory

Answer 6

Studying children in relation to their particular contexts is key to understanding development.

Children contribute to their own development by interacting with and influencing people around them.

Question 7

By observing parents we are observing…

Answer 7

Essence of a culture.

How cultural rules and values are reinforced and passed on from generation to generation.

Study of parenting within cultural context tells us what is important to that culture.

Question 8

Whiting and Whitings’ 6 Cultures Study

Answer 8

Collected field data in Mexico, India, Kenya, USA, Okinawa, and Philippines.

Major focus: examine child rearing and children’s behaviour in varied cultural contexts.

Findings
Child’s behaviour and personality is intimately connected to characteristics of broader ecology.
Women’s work roles contribute to children’s social behaviours.

Question 9

Parental Ethnotheories

Answer 9

Parental culture belief systems
Motivate and shape what parents think is “right” way to parent.

Question 10

Parenting styles

Answer 10

Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative
Uninvolved

Question 11

Authoritarian parents

Answer 11

expect unquestioned obedience; child needs to be controlled.

Question 12

Permissive parents

Answer 12

warm and nurturing; allow children to regulate own lives with few guidelines.

Question 13

Authoritative parents

Answer 13

sensitive to child’s maturity; firm, fair, reasonable and affectionate.

Question 14

Uninvolved parents

Answer 14

do not respond appropriately to children; indifferent.

Question 15

Studies using HOME Inventory describe 3 general areas in which cultures vary:

Answer 15

Warmth & Responsiveness
Discipline
Stimulation/teaching

Question 16

How do siblings play an important role for children?

Answer 16

Siblings play important role in socialisation of children.

Siblings can fulfil many roles: tutors, buddies, playmates, caretakers.

Skills important to culture are learned from siblings: perspective-taking, social understanding, conflict negotiation.

Repeated and prolonged interaction means older siblings can be influential role model to younger siblings.

Question 17

Extended families

Answer 17

members other than parents and children (aunt, uncles, cousins, and grandparents).

Question 18

Multigenerational families

Answer 18

grandparents in addition to parents and children or just children.

Question 19

How is extended/multigenerational family child rearing integral part of enculturation process?

Answer 19

Extended and multigenerational families have in common the sharing of resources, emotional support, and caregiving.

Question 20

Postfigurative cultures:

Answer 20

Socialisation occurs primarily by elders transferring their knowledge.

Culture change is slow.

Question 21

Configurative cultures:

Answer 21

Adults socialise their children, but peers play a greater role in socialising each other.

Culture change is quicker.

Question 22

Prefigurative cultures:

Answer 22

Culture is changing so rapidly that young people may be the ones to teach adults.

Culture change is rapid.