Culture & Cognition

Question 1

culture are cogniton

Answer 1

Psychologists view culture as cognition.

Culture is viewed as set of mental representations about world.

Norms, opinions, beliefs, values, and worldviews are all cognitive products.

Knowledge system –culture- created to solve complex problems of living and social life.

Question 2

Optical illusions

Answer 2

perceptive discrepancy between how object looks and what it actually is.

Question 3

Carpentered world theory

Answer 3

unconscious expectation that objects have squared corners.

Question 4

Front-horizontal foreshortening theory

Answer 4

interpretation of vertical lines as horizontal lines.

Question 5

Masuda studies

Answer 5

Americans and Japanese differ in attention to background objects and individuals vs. Groups.
Cultural differences in environment affords cultural differences in perception and attention.
Americans tend to focus more on focal objects of a scene while Asians attend to the surrounding environment.

Question 6

Holistic perception

Answer 6

attending to the relationship between the object and the context in which it is located

Question 7

Attributions

Answer 7

Inferences people make about the causes of events/behaviours of their own/others.

Knowing that other people are intentional agents helps in making inferences.

Allows one to explain things, to put things in order, and to make sense of the world.

Making attributions is a universal psychological process.

Question 7

Analytic perception

Answer 7

Context-independent and analytic perceptual processes that focuses on salient objects.

Question 8

Types of attributions

Answer 8

Internal/dispositional attributions
External/situational dispositions

Question 9

Internal/dispositional attributions

Answer 9

Specify the cause of a behaviour w/in a person.
E.g. she donated because she believed in the cause.

Question 10

External/situational dispositions

Answer 10

Locate the cause of a behaviour outside a person.
E.g. she donated because the mascot was cute.

Question 11

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 11

Explaining the behaviours of others using internal attributions bust using external attribution to explain one’s own behaviour.

Question 12

Self-serving bias

Answer 12

People attribute good deeds and successes to their internal attributes, but attribute bad deeds/failures to external factors.

Question 13

Choi, Nisbett, and Norenzaya (1999)

Answer 13

There were no cultural differences in the attributions of the Koreans or the Americans when dispositional and situational information was present

Question 14

Mezulis, Abramson, Hyde & Hankin (2004)

Answer 14

Found universality in self-serving bias

Question 15

Dialectical thinking

Answer 15

tendency to accept what seems to be contradictions in thought/beleifs

Question 16

Positive logical determinism

Answer 16

Contradictions are mutually exclusive categories.
East Asians prefer dialectical thinking whereas Americans prefer logical deterministic thinking.

Question 17

Naive dialecticism

Answer 17

Belief that truth is always somewhere in the middle.
Westerners believe something cannot be both truth and false at same time.

Question 18

Memory constants across cultures

Answer 18

ge, hindsight bias, collective remembering of past.

Question 19

Differences in memory as a function of oral tradition may be limited to

Answer 19

meaningful material

Question 20

Serial position effect

Answer 20

first/last item in list are easiest to remember

Question 21

Episodic memory

Answer 21

Recollection of specific events that took place at a particular time and place in the past

Question 22

Differences occur (in episodic memory) due to cultural differences in:

Answer 22

Self-construals

Emotion knowledge

Interpersonal processes

Question 23

Culture & Time

Answer 23

People of different cultures experience time differently.

Long vs. Short-term orientation is cultural dimension that differentiates among cultures.

Pace of life correlated with ecological and cultural variables.

Most cultures represent time spatially from left to right or right to left, or from front to back or back to front, with respect to body.

Question 24

Can a mind have 2 time lines? Exploring space-time mapping in Mandarin and English speakers.

Answer 24

Mandarin-English bilingual Singaporean: all the participants used both Mandarin and English on a daily basis.

Given either three 10x 10cm pictures of Brad Pitt or Jet Li at different ages w/instructions to place them on a 30x30cm board.

Question 25

Traditional Definitions of Intelligence and its Measurement

Answer 25

Intelligence: conglomeration of many intellectual abilities centering on verbal and analytic tasks.

Intelligence tests rely on verbal performance and cultural knowledge; thus, immigrants are at a disadvantage.

Do CC differences in intelligence reflect biological or cultural differences?

Question 26

Nature vs Nurture Controversy (IQ)

Answer 26

Nature
Differences in IQ scores between different cultures are mainly hereditary or innate.

Nurture
Ethnic and societal differences in IQ occur due to nonbiological factors such as environment, history, and learning.

Question 27

Stereotype threat

Answer 27

Others’ judgements or one’s own actions will negatively stereotype on in a domain.

Question 28

The Concept of Intelligence in Other Cultures

Answer 28

Many languages have no word that corresponds to our idea of intelligence.

Because of enormous differences in definition of intelligence, it is difficult to make valid comparisons from one society to another.

Tests of intelligence often rely on knowledge specific to a particular culture.

Question 29

Gardner (1983), 7 types of intelligence (now 8):

Answer 29

Logical-mathematical, linguistic, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal.

Question 30

Sternberg (1986), 3 “subtheories” of intelligence:

Answer 30

Contextual, experiential, and componential intelligence.

Question 31

Collective intelligence

Answer 31

Strongly correlated w/average social sensitivity, equality in distribution of conversational turn-taking, and proportion of females in group.