Culture & Social Behaviour Flashcards
Ingeoups
individuals with history of shared experiences; anticipate future that produce sense of intimacy, familiarity and trust.
Outgroups
those who lack ingroup qualities.
Perceptions of outgroups associated with infrahumanisation:
belief that others are less human and more like animals.
Cultural differences ingroup/outgroup relationships
Individualistic cultures:
Belong to multiple ingroups and move easily from ingroup to ingroup.
More likely to treat outgroup persons more equally, with less distinction between ingroups and outgroups.
Collectivistic cultures:
Belong to fewer ingroups but have greater commitments to those groups.
Greater lack of concern for outgroups; greater distancing, aloofness, and discrimination to outgroups.
3 types of ingroup favouritism
Patriotism
Nepotism
Familism
Favouritism related to climate/resources
Highest in countries with demanding hot/cold climates and low income.
Lowest in countries with demanding hot/cold climates and high income.
Origins of stereotypes:
Selective attention
Attribution
Concept formation
Memory
Autostereotyping
Self-stereotyping
process by which an individual integrates and internalizes commonly held characterizations (i.e. stereotypes or prototypes) of an in-group into their self-concept.
Heterostereotypes
a group’s perception of another group’s members’ traits, characteristics, or values with a tendency to define others as rigid ethnic characterizations and strong generalizations about group membership.
Cultural differences in stereotypes
Citizens of smaller nations have more negative stereotypes about larger nations and vice versa.
Collective threat
fear that an ingroup member’s behaviour can reinforce negative stereotypes about one’s group.
Applying stereotypes uniformly w/out recognising individual differences w/in a cultural/ethnic group can be…
dangerous
Ethnocentrism
tendency to view world through one’s own cultural filters.
Prejudice
tendency to prejudge others on basis of group membership.
Explicit prejudice
prejudice that is verbalised and thus made public
Implicit prejudice
prejudicial attitudes, values, or beliefs that are unspoken and even outside conscious awareness.
Origins of and factors contributing to prejudice:
Kinship sentiment
Competition between groups
Discrimination used to impose inferior status.
Aspect of personality.
Contact hypothesis
Contact between groups effective in reducing prejudice.
Optimal conditions are
- Equal status
- Common goals
- Cooperation
- Support from authorities, law, or custom
Discrimination
unfair treatment of others based on group membership.
Prejudice vs discrimination
Prejudice is thinking/feeling; discrimination is doing
Institutional discrimination
occurs on level of large group, society, organisation, or institution.
Cultures of honour
ultures which place a strong emphasis on status and reputation.
Plays a role in domestic violence, depression and suicide.
Aggression
Act that intentionally hurts another person physically/psychologically
Culture facilitates/prohibits channeling of aggressive behaviours as a means of social control.
Microaggressions
Brief, commonplace daily comments/actions, (intentional/unintentional), that communicate negative slights and insults to the target person/group.
Acculturation
process by which people adopt a different cultural system.
Intercultural adaptation
adapting behaviours or ways of thinking in new cultural environment.
Intercultural adjustment
How people feel as they are making those change (or not).
Berry’s model of acculturation
Do I value/want to maintain home cultural identity?
Do I value/want to maintain relationships w/people from host culture as well?
