Culture & Social Behaviour

Question 1

Ingeoups

Answer 1

individuals with history of shared experiences; anticipate future that produce sense of intimacy, familiarity and trust.

Question 2

Outgroups

Answer 2

those who lack ingroup qualities.

Question 3

Perceptions of outgroups associated with infrahumanisation:

Answer 3

belief that others are less human and more like animals.

Question 4

Cultural differences ingroup/outgroup relationships

Answer 4

Individualistic cultures:
Belong to multiple ingroups and move easily from ingroup to ingroup.
More likely to treat outgroup persons more equally, with less distinction between ingroups and outgroups.

Collectivistic cultures:
Belong to fewer ingroups but have greater commitments to those groups.
Greater lack of concern for outgroups; greater distancing, aloofness, and discrimination to outgroups.

Question 5

3 types of ingroup favouritism

Answer 5

Patriotism

Nepotism

Familism

Question 6

Favouritism related to climate/resources

Answer 6

Highest in countries with demanding hot/cold climates and low income.
Lowest in countries with demanding hot/cold climates and high income.

Question 7

Origins of stereotypes:

Answer 7

Selective attention

Attribution

Concept formation

Memory

Question 8

Autostereotyping

Answer 8

Self-stereotyping
process by which an individual integrates and internalizes commonly held characterizations (i.e. stereotypes or prototypes) of an in-group into their self-concept.

Question 9

Heterostereotypes

Answer 9

a group’s perception of another group’s members’ traits, characteristics, or values with a tendency to define others as rigid ethnic characterizations and strong generalizations about group membership.

Question 10

Cultural differences in stereotypes

Answer 10

Citizens of smaller nations have more negative stereotypes about larger nations and vice versa.

Question 11

Collective threat

Answer 11

fear that an ingroup member’s behaviour can reinforce negative stereotypes about one’s group.

Question 12

Applying stereotypes uniformly w/out recognising individual differences w/in a cultural/ethnic group can be…

Answer 12

dangerous

Question 13

Ethnocentrism

Answer 13

tendency to view world through one’s own cultural filters.

Question 14

Prejudice

Answer 14

tendency to prejudge others on basis of group membership.

Question 15

Explicit prejudice

Answer 15

prejudice that is verbalised and thus made public

Question 16

Implicit prejudice

Answer 16

prejudicial attitudes, values, or beliefs that are unspoken and even outside conscious awareness.

Question 17

Origins of and factors contributing to prejudice:

Answer 17

Kinship sentiment

Competition between groups

Discrimination used to impose inferior status.

Aspect of personality.

Question 18

Contact hypothesis

Answer 18

Contact between groups effective in reducing prejudice.

Optimal conditions are
- Equal status
- Common goals
- Cooperation
- Support from authorities, law, or custom

Question 19

Discrimination

Answer 19

unfair treatment of others based on group membership.

Question 20

Prejudice vs discrimination

Answer 20

Prejudice is thinking/feeling; discrimination is doing

Question 21

Institutional discrimination

Answer 21

occurs on level of large group, society, organisation, or institution.

Question 22

Cultures of honour

Answer 22

ultures which place a strong emphasis on status and reputation.

Plays a role in domestic violence, depression and suicide.

Question 23

Aggression

Answer 23

Act that intentionally hurts another person physically/psychologically

Culture facilitates/prohibits channeling of aggressive behaviours as a means of social control.

Question 24

Microaggressions

Answer 24

Brief, commonplace daily comments/actions, (intentional/unintentional), that communicate negative slights and insults to the target person/group.

Question 25

Acculturation

Answer 25

process by which people adopt a different cultural system.

Question 26

Intercultural adaptation

Answer 26

adapting behaviours or ways of thinking in new cultural environment.

Question 27

Intercultural adjustment

Answer 27

How people feel as they are making those change (or not).

Question 28

Berry’s model of acculturation

Answer 28

Do I value/want to maintain home cultural identity?

Do I value/want to maintain relationships w/people from host culture as well?