Emotional Development

Question 1

By what age do children experience all basic emotions?

Answer 1

9 months

Question 2

At what age do complex emotions begin for children?

Answer 2

1.5-2 years

Question 3

What are 3 ways we learn about emotions through our environment?

Answer 3

1. Social referencing - using role models’ behaviour to regulate behaviour
2. Display rules - social group’s expectations of behaviour
3. Parent-child discussions

Question 4

In a 2006 study, what was found about the facial expressions of 3-year-olds from USA and China?

Answer 4

American children have a greater disgust response to a foul spell, some countries encourage more emotional restraint

Question 5

What are 2 strategies for emotional regulation?

Answer 5

1. Cognitive reappraisal - responding to and interpreting stressors
2. Distractions/diverting attention

Question 6

What is threat sensitivity?

Answer 6

Cognitive and physiological responses towards threatening stimuli, whether perceived or actual

Question 7

According to the EEG Threat Sensitivity Study, what is correlated with the “P3” neural response that is associated with paying attention to feedback?

Answer 7

Higher P3 = more sensitive to feedback, greater anxiety

Question 8

What are temperaments?

Answer 8

Fairly stable behavioural style that are biologically based

Question 9

Traditionally, what are the 3 infant categories of temperament?

Answer 9

1. Easy
2. Slow to warm up
3. Difficult

Question 10

How is temperament both biologically-based and environment-based?

Answer 10

Biologically - genetic
Environmentally - parenting choices can elicit different emotions

Question 11

True or false: temperament shows stability from infancy to adulthood, leaving no room for change.

Answer 11

False

Question 12

What is attachment?

Answer 12

The affectionate, reciprocal relationship formed between infant and caregiver, absolutely critical

Question 13

What are the 4 phases of developing attachment?

Answer 13

1. Pre-attachment (0-8 weeks)
2. Attachment in the making (Up to 8 months)
3. True attachment (Up to 1.5 years)
4. Reciprocal relationships (1.5 years onward)

Question 13

What are the 4 types of attachment?

Answer 13

1. Secure attachment
2. Avoidant attachment
3. Resistant attachment
4. Disorganized attachment

Question 13

What is key to the quality to attachment?

Answer 13

The caretaker provides reliable affection and is receptive to the needs of the child when they are present

Question 14

What model explains that the first attachment that forms the basis of future relationships?

Answer 14

The internal working model

Question 15

True or false: attachment security generally does not differ across families with straight vs. gay parents.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

What does the dual systems theory suggest?

Answer 16

Increased risk-taking in adolescence results from both reward-processing and cognitive control