Emergence Of The Globalisation Of Sport In The 21st Century (P1)

Question 1

What are the reasons for the rationalisation and modern day development of Association Football?

Answer 1

. Urbanisation
. More free time/ increased leisure time
. More disposable income
. Improved Transport
. Increased professionalism
. Social class links
. Increased organisation

Question 2

How did increased organisation aid the development of football?

Answer 2

. The game became highly structured after the FA was formed in 1863
. Standard rules civilised the game and referees controlled the game so less violence

Question 3

How did increased leisure time benefit the development of football?

Answer 3

Less working time meant more time to watch and play football

Question 4

How did more disposable income benefit the development of football?

Answer 4

People had more money to pay for travel to get to away games and for entrance fees to the ground

Question 5

How did increased professionalism aid the development of football?

Answer 5

Football as a job became possible. Good job to have as it as people could escape from the factory system and urban deprivation. Broken Time payments also developed which allowed time off to play.

Question 6

How did social class links aid the development of football?

Answer 6

Middle class influence and approval gave respectability to football- high morality.
Working class challenged it and made it people's game.
Football league formed in 1888

Question 7

How did urbanisation aid the development of football?

Answer 7

Large concentrations of people in urban areas meant more attendance. Lack of space in urban areas meant purpose built facilities were built with high terraces for fans.

Question 8

How did football grow in the 20th century?

Answer 8

. Massively
. BBC began to cover sport on the radio
. Football becomes Britain’s major sporting activity
. Maximum wage of £4 in 1900- abolished in 1961
.Bosman Ruling 1995- free movement of players in the EU

Question 9

What were the positive impacts of 19th century amateurism?

Answer 9

. Amateurs held higher status than professionals
. Code of amateurism- playing to clearly set rules
. Code of ethics - high set of moral values
. Belonging to social elite
. Participation in sport was seen as more important than winning
. The all-rounder was valued with high regard
. Amateurs were elite performers
. The new middle class admired these values and tried to adhere to them also
.

Question 10

What is an amateur?

Answer 10

A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain.

Question 11

What is a professional?

Answer 11

A person who plays sport for financial gain.

Question 12

What were the values of 19th century amateurism?

Answer 12

. ‘Manliness’
. Appreciating the value of health and fitness
. Appreciating the value of rule regulated activity
. High moral integrity

Question 13

What were the characteristics of a gentlemen amateur in the 19th century?

Answer 13

. Respected member of society
. Belonging to the social elite
. Participation in sport was seen as character building and training was frowned upon
. Played a range of sports using natural talents
. Played sport to a high moral code

Question 14

What were the key features of the working class professional in the 19th century?

Answer 14

. Working class
. Poor
. Very little free time
. Committed to train and perform as well as possible
. Low morality

Question 15

What were the key features of early 20th century amateurs?

Answer 15

. High status
. Controllers of sport
. Top performers
. Highly moral

Question 16

What are the key features of modern day amateurs?

Answer 16

. Tend to be lower status
. Some high level performers are still not professional (gymnasts)
. There has been a blurring of amateurism and professionalism distinctions
. Performance at top level sport is now open to all
. Some amateurs receive finance for training expenses

Question 17

What are the positives and evidence of modern day amateurism?

Answer 17

. Codes of amateurism are still evident e.g via sportsmanship or fair play
. It is still viewed positively and promoted in a number of ways e.g fair play awards
. Rugby Union remained amateur until late 20th century and the sport still holds codes of amateurism such as calling the ref sir

Question 18

What are the characteristics of modern day professionals?

Answer 18

. All classes can compete
. People are now respected for their talents
. High rewards for professionals
. Professionals have more time to train
. Celebrity and high financial status in many sports
. They act as role models
. More spectators attend matches

Question 19

What social-cultural factors have led to the emergence of elite female footballers in modern day sport?

Answer 19

. Equal opportunities- more sports available
. Increased media coverage of women’s sport- BT sport (WSL)
. More female role models
. More provision via school PE programmes
. Increased encouragement via the FA- female FA cup final at Wembley in 2015 for the first time
. More clubs are forming- locally and professionally
. increased participation as a result of more funding
. More free time- traditional domestic role has decreased

Question 20

What are the key features of lawn tennis as it developed in the industrial/post industrial period?

Answer 20

. Middle class intervention- set up as an affordable alternative to real tennis
. Played by the middle class- played in middle class gardens
. Organised by the middle class- Private tennis clubs formed
. Use of specialist equipment- middle class had sufficient fiance to purchase their own equipment. Wingfield sold a kit with the necessary equipment needed to play
. Standardised rules- Wingfield’s kit had a rule book in it
. Played by both genders
. Public provision- spread to lower class via public parks

Question 21

How did lawn tennis develop to the modern day?

Answer 21

. Tournaments set up around the world including the ‘four majors’.
. Many tournaments turned professional in the 1920’s but the ‘four majors’ remained strictly amateur
. Some people secretly accepted money and was termed ‘shamateursm’ and led to the ‘Open era’ in 1968 where all players can enter
. International tennis circuit began with huge money involved
. Still perceived to be middle class sport in UK
. At first there was unequal pay between men and women but the WTA as well as players like Billy Jean King fought for inequality which was achieved in 2015

Question 22

What are the key facts concerning women in tennis in modern day elite tennis?

Answer 22

. WTA is a massive organisation who have fought for equal pay and other aspects
. Female players are now household names
. Lots of now potential role models

Question 23

How has track and field athletics rationalised and developed?

Answer 23

. Wenlock Olympian Games date from 1850
. Wenlock games inspired the modern Olympics
. Athletic events became popular in towns and cities
. Popular spectator events
. 1866- AAC formed
. 1880- AAA formed

Question 24

What was the Amateur Athletic Club (AAC) like?

Answer 24

Formed in 1866 and was selective in who was allowed to join. No professionals or working class

Question 25

What was the Amateur Athletic Association (AAA) like?

Answer 25

Formed in 1880 and opened the sport to all males but wasn’t deemed an acceptable sport for women.

Question 26

How did athletics develop in the 20th and 21st century

Answer 26

. 1922 womens AAA formed
. 1928- Female participation in Olympics but in events shorter than 800m
. 1948-London Olympics
. Trust funds set up allowing a retirement fund for athletes
. IAAF allowed money to be paid directly to athletes so no more trust funds
. IAAF set up a number of new major events including the Diamond league in 2010

Question 27

What are some key facts concerning female development in modern day athletics?

Answer 27

. Treated as 2nd class athletes as first
. 1984 women allowed to do a marathon at Olympics
. 1996- first triple jump at Olympics for women
. Women athletics is now huge

Question 28

What is the golden triangle in sport?

Answer 28

The interlinked mutually dependent relationship between sport, business and media.

Question 29

What are some examples of commercialisation in sport?

Answer 29

. Professional sport
. sponsorship
. Entertainment- watching sport
. Contracts- tv rights
. Athletes as commodities 
. Wide media coverage

Question 30

What are the effects of commercialisation on professional performers?

Answer 30

. High incomes for sports participation
. Paid more if successful- winning is important
. Pressure to perform
. Performers become entertainers
. Controlled by sponsors
. lack of privacy from media

Question 31

What effects does commercialisation on sport?

Answer 31

. Changes have been made to prevent spectator boredom- multi ball system in football
. Breaks in sport for adverts
. Competition formats have changed- Twenty20 cricket
. Sports played by women receive less coverage which can negatively affect participation

Question 32

Why do companies invest large sums of money into sport?

Answer 32

. Increased sales etc
. Increased brand awareness
. Creates as association with the healthy image os sport
. Improve company morale
. Sponsorship can decrease amount of tax paid by a company

Question 33

Where is globalisation seen in sport?

Answer 33

. The sponsorship of events
. Players are recruited to play for countries they were not born in
. Spreading of different sports to new nations

Question 34

How is social media used in sport?

Answer 34

. used by fans to get sports news

. Players and clubs use it to connect with fans and to promote their own brands

Question 35

What were the 7 characteristics of popular recreation in pre-industrial society (FRABLOW)?

Answer 35

. Functional
. Rural
. Aggressive and male dominated
. Basic rules
. Occasional
. wagering
. Local

Question 36

What were the 6 characteristics of pre-industrial society?

Answer 36

. Communications and transport were limited
. Widespread illiteracy
. Cruel life for lower class, luxury=upper class
. Lack of free time
. Class divisions- feudal system
. People lived in the countryside

Question 37

What were the characteristics of mob football?

Answer 37

. Played by the lower class
. Localised form of activity
. Rural in nature
. Simple game
. Natural- played in fields
. Occasional
. Limited rules and regulations
. Eventually banned

Question 38

What were the characteristics of real tennis?

Answer 38

. Exclusive activity
. Courtly and royal in nature- played by upper class
. Complex rules
. High moral code
. Played don regular basis
. Purpose built facilities
. Non local in nature- upper class could travel
. Showed superiority over lower class

Question 39

What activity did athletics take the form as in pre-industrial Britain? and what was it?

Answer 39

Foot racing- Form of competitive walking competed by footmen (hired servants)

Question 40

The footmen competed against each other but what did the gentry do?

Answer 40

Wagered how far they could go in a specific time period

Question 41

Success in athletics meant what for a gentlemen?

Answer 41

increased social status

Question 42

The upper class acted as patrons for working class athletic performers. What did that mean?

Answer 42

They arranged competitions for them, putting up prize money and generally looking after the performer.

Question 43

What occasions did athletic events take place in pre-industrial Britain?

Answer 43

Festival occasions

Question 44

What activities took place at athletic events in pre-industrial Britain?

Answer 44

Running, hurdles, football and cycling

Question 45

What are the four characteristics for athletics as a festival occasion in pre-industrial society?

Answer 45

. Simple unwritten rules
. Events were local
. In a rural location
. Betting occurred with wagers being placed on the outcome

Question 46

What 6 negative effects took place in the first half of the 19th century?

Answer 46

. Loss of space to play traditional mob games
. Lack of leisure time
. Lack of income
. loss of rights
. Poor health
. Lack of public provisions

Question 47

What 8 positive effects took place in the second half of the 19th century

Answer 47

. Gradual increase in income and more time
. Health and hygiene improved
. Development of new middle class
. Influence of ex public school boys
. Values of athleticism spread to lower class
. Industrial patronage
. Improvements in transport and communication
. Cheaper to travel

Question 48

How did urbanisation lead to the development of sport in the industrial period?

Answer 48

. Lack of space- led to purpose built sports grounds
. large working class populations- led to mass spectators at sports
. Loss of traditional sports- old sports banned so new sports needed to emerge
. Change in working conditions- as they improved sports participation and attendance went up

Question 49

How did the transport revolution lead to the development of sport in the industrial period?

Answer 49

. Movement of teams/spectators- railways
. Improved access to different parts of the country- leagues formed involving teams across the country
. Cheaper train travel- more working class fans could watch away games
. Improved access to the countryside

Question 50

How did improved communications lead to the development of sport in the industrial period?

Answer 50

. When fixtures were taking place/knowledge of results

. Emergence of role models

Question 51

How did the influence of the church lead to the development of sport in the industrial period?

Answer 51

. Encouraged social control/behaviour
. Sport was used as a way of promoting social values
. Good way to increase church attendance
. Encouraged working class participation
. Church organised teams
. Provided facilities
. Number of church groups formed such as scouts

Question 52

How did the emergence of the middle class lead to the development of sport in the industrial period?

Answer 52

. Codification- strict rules imposed and NGB’s developed
. Competitions- development of leagues and competitions
. Public provision- the development of public facilities
. Increased leisure time- Middle class factory owners gave workers time off
. Move to ‘professionalism’- set up factory teams and gave players broken time payments

Question 53

How did the ex public school boys lead to the development of sport in the industrial period?

Answer 53

. As teachers- taught traditional sporting values in schools throughout the Empire
. As factory owners- set up teams and gave workers time off
. As clergy- church teams developed
. As officers in British army- spread sport in the Empire
. As diplomats
. They formed NGB’s

Question 54

How did the increased public provisions lead to the development of sport in the industrial period?

Answer 54

. Public baths increased opportunities for working class rational recreation
. Wash houses act 1846- combat disease
. 1st and 2nd class facilities reflected social class facilities
. Plunge baths developed for for swimming
. Productivity at work was improved as workers were healthier

Question 55

What were the reasons for NGB development?

Answer 55

. Sport was becoming increasingly popular
. More teams and clubs were forming
. More national and international fixtures
. Leagues and competitions were required
. Nationally agreed rules were required for different sports
. To maintain amateur idea and control professionalism
.

Question 56

What is rational recreation?

Answer 56

Involves the post industrial development of sport.

Question 57

What are the characteristics of rational recreation?

Answer 57

. Played regionally/nationally/internationally
.Respectability- non violent in nature and emphasis on fair play
. Regular- increased free time
. Rule based- NGB’s codification
. Gambling controlled- increased law and order
. Impact of religion- church influence
. Impact of revolution- industrial
. Purpose built facilities- from lack of space
. Amateurism and professionalism- class structure