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121 Histology & Embryology > Embryology Part 2 > Flashcards

Embryology Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many brachial arches are there?

A

Six arches each possessing its own cartilage, nerves, vascular supply and muscles

First two are highly developed, the rest are poorly developed, The fifth atrophies

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2
Q

Which major structures compose the first mandibular arch?

A

Posterior portion of upper lip and cheeks
Posterior portion of the maxilla
Posterior 2/3 of the hard palate
Entire lower lip, mandibular arch and body of the tongue

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3
Q

Which structures are composed of Meckel’s cartilage? Which brachial arch is it a part of?

A

First brachial arch

Mental symphysis
Malleus and incus
Sphenomandibular ligament

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4
Q

What are the muscles of mastication? Which arch are they formed from?

A

Mandibular arch

Temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid

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5
Q

What other muscles form from the first mandibular arch?

A

Anterior belly of the digastric muscle – Elevates the hyoid bone and mylohyoid muscle that forms the floor of the mouth
Tensor veli Palatine- soft palate
Tensor tympani-Tympanic membrane

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6
Q

Which nerve innervates all of the tissues of the face tongue and teeth?

A

Trigeminal nerve

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7
Q

Which major structure forms from the 2nd/hyoid arch?

A

Root of the tongue

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8
Q

What is Reichert’s cartilage and what Originates from it??

A

A continuous cartilaginous formation in the second brachial arch

 stapes/ear
Styloid process of temporal bone
Lesser cornu of the hyoid
Superior aspect of body of hyoid

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9
Q

Which muscles are formed from the second brachial arch?

A

Muscles of facial expression

Stapedius muscle
Styloid muscle
Posterior belly of the digastric

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10
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the second brachial arch?

A

7th/facial

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11
Q

What major structure forms from the third brachial arch?

A

Posterior third of the tongue/root

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12
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the third brachial arch?

A

9th/glossopharyngeal

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13
Q

Major structure of the fourth arch

A

Copula

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14
Q

Major structure of the sixth arch

A

Epiglottic eminence

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15
Q

What forms the oral cavity when the ectoderm invaginate’s?

A

Stomodeum

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16
Q

What is the first branchial arch divide into?

A

Posterior 2/3 of the maxillary process and the entire mandibular arch

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17
Q

Which direction does the mandibular process grow in? What does it form?

A

Grows medially and fuses at the midline

Forms the entire mandible/lower jaw and alveolar arch. Entire lower lip and lower cheeks

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18
Q

Which direction does the maxillary process grow? What does it form?

A

Grows mediately but does not meet

Formed the lateral sides of the upper lip, upper cheeks, lateral sides of the maxilla/alveolar bone. Lateral sides of the hard palate

(posterior 2/3)

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19
Q

How does the lateral nasal process grow and what does it form?

A

Grows laterally and fuses with the maxillary process

Forms the alae of the nose and nasal labial sulcus

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20
Q

How does the medial nasal process grow and what does it form?

A

Grows medially, inferiorly, interiorly and fuses

Forms the columella and tip of the nose, nasal septum

Inter-maxillary segment/pre-maxilla

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21
Q

How does the inter-maxillary segment/globular process grow and what does it form?

A

Grows inferiorly

Forms the philtrum of upper lip- Lateral borders fuse with the posterior 2/3 of the upper lip

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22
Q

When is fusion of the facial process is complete?

A

Complete by week eight

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23
Q

Between which weeks do the eyes form and migrate medially on face?

A

Is form at week six and migrate medially on the face at week 12

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24
Q

When do the ears form and where? When do they migrate superiorly onto the head?

A

Ears form on the low side of the neck at week eight and migrate onto the head at week 12

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25
During which weeks does formation of the pre-maxilla/primary palate occur (anterior 1/3)?
Starts at week six and completes by week 12
26
What happens during primary palate formation during weeks five and six? What is formed?
Inter-maxillary segment/inferior aspect grows downward from right and left sides and fuses at the midline. Forms the interior 1/3 of the alveolar ridge and hard palate
27
What happens during week seven of primary palate formation?
Lateral sides of the pre-maxilla fuse with the lateral Palatine shelves
28
What would failure of fusion of the maxillary process with the lateral borders of the center portion of the philtrum result in?
Cleft lip- week8
29
What happens during week six of secondary palate formation?
Lateral Palatine shelves form from the medial aspects of the maxilary processes Grow mediallu than inferiorly due to tongue development
30
What happens during week seven of secondary pallet formation?
Tongue drops, Palatine shelves elevate and grow mediately and meet
31
What happens during week eight of secondary palate formation?
Palatine shelves start to fuse at the midline and form the posterior 2/3 of the hard palate
32
What happens during week 12/3rd month of secondary palate formation
Palate forms and fusion is complete
33
What does the secondary palate and pre-maxilla fusing with the inferior aspect of the nasal septum give rise to?
Gives rise to the nasal cavities and developing paranasal sinuses
34
When does tongue formation occur? Where does this occur and from which brachial arch?
Occurs from weeks 4 to 8 in the floor of the pharynx. Develops mainly from the first brachial arch but also from the second and third as well as a small portion from the fourth and sixth
35
What part of the tongue forms from the first brachial arch?
Anterior 2/3 (body) Of tongue
36
Which swellings merge together to form the body of the tongue?
Tuberculum impar | Lateral lingual swellings
37
What forms the median lingual sulcus?
Fusion of the lateral lingual swellings and corresponding deep fibrous band
38
What fuses together to form the root of the tongue?
Copula and epiglottic eminence
39
Which arches does the posterior 1/3 of the tongue form from?
Second and third with a small portion from the fourth and sixth
40
What is the sulcus terminalis?
March the fusion between the body and the route of the tongue. V-shaped roof on the dorsal surface, Apex points posteriorly
41
What is the foramen cecum?
Origin of the thyroid gland
42
When will tongue formation infusion be complete by?
Week eight
43
What effect on the developing fetus can alcohol consumption have?
Fetal alcohol syndrome Growth efficiencies and mental disabilities. Similar facial features to children with down syndrome
44
What effect on development does the use of tetracycline during pregnancy have?
Has affects during tooth development. Can affect primary or permanent teeth causing intrinsic yellow to gray brown stain
45
What effect can polychlorinated biphenyl’s have on the developing fetus?
Growth deficiencies and mental disabilities. Small premium, impaired visual recognition, poor short-term memory, low verbal skills
46
 Infections that can affect the fetus
Rubella- cataracts, cardiac defects and deafness Syphilis – hutchinson incisors and mulberry molars, blindness, deafness and paralysis
47
Effects of radiation on the embryo or fetus
What was deficiencies and mental disabilities: cell death commicromosome damage, delayed mental and physical growth
48
Congenital defects affecting the Dentition
Down syndrome, epodermal dysplasia, treacher-Collins syndrome
49
What effect does down syndrome have on the dentition?
Hypertrophy of lingual papillae High incidence of periodontal disease, delayed eruption, hypodontia, microdontia
50
What effect does ectodermal dysplasia have on the dentition?
Hypodontia and loss of alveolar ridge. Protuberant lips with loss of vertical dimension due to alveolar bone loss
51
What effect does Treacher Collins syndrome have on the Dentition?
High vaulted palate, palatal clefts and malocclusions
52
What causes spinal bifida?
Neural tube defect, failure of neural tube to fuse
53
What causes a cleft lip?
Partial or complete failure of inter-maxillary segment and maxillary process to fuse Unilateral or bilateral Most common in males
54
What causes a cleft chin?
Failure of depression to fill in at mandibular midline
55
What causes an oblique facial cleft?
Failure of lateral nasal process and maxillary process to merge Void in nasolacrimal Groove
56
What causes macrostomia and microstomia?
Failure of closure or over closure of maxillary and mandibular processes Exceptionally large or small mouth opening
57
What causes Fordyce granules?
Entrapment of sebaceous glands during fusion of maxillary and mandibular processes Entrapped ectopic sebaceous glands located at retromolar areas, labial mucocutaneous junctions and commissures
58
What causes a cleft palate?
Premaxilla and/or secondary palate fail to fuse with the nasal septum and/or failure of pre-maxilla to fuse with secondary palate in canine area
59
What is the appearance and treatment of cleft palate?
Crippling communication between oral cavity and nasal cavity; may be partial or complete May involve the maxillary ridge, bilateral or unilateral with displaced or missing teeth
60
What causes a cleft uvula?
Uvula fails to completely fuse at the midline
61
What causes a median maxillary/anterior alveolar cleft?
Pre-maxilla fails to completely fuse at the midline forming a very large diastema that may be fixed with orthodontics
62
What is Bifid tongue?
Cleft in tip of tongue caused by the lateral lingual swelling‘s failing to merge in the midline
63
What is microglossia?
Under development/hypertrophy of musculature of the tongue
64
What is macroglossia?
Over development/hypertrophy of musculature of the tongue
65
What is aglossia?
Absence of the tongue Defect involving the first, second and third brachial arches
66
What is ankyloglossia?
Very short lingual Frenum Individual cannot lift tongue to roof of mouth
67
What may cause fissural cysts of the oral region?
During fusion of embryonic processes, epithelial cell rests may become entrapped. Entrapped cells have the potential to form cysts
68
Nasopalatine cyst
Lies near or in the incisive canal
69
Median Palatine cyst
Lies on the fusion line between the lateral palatine shelves of the maxillary process
70
Globulomaxillary cyst
Lies on the fusion line between the pre-maxilla and the maxillary process (between lateral and canine)
71
Dermoid/epidermoid cyst
Lies in the floor of the mouth. Submandibular or sublingual areas
72
Brachial cleft cyst
Usually lies between the second and third brachial arches. Below the angle of the mandible, along the interior border of the SCM)
73
What are the muscles of mastication? Which arch are they formed from?
Mandibular arch Temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid

121 Histology & Embryology (15 decks)

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