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121 Histology & Embryology > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Embryology?

A

The study of prenatal development. Defines normal development and identifies the time at which an anomaly/defect may occur

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2
Q

Week one of prenatal development

A

Preimplantation: zygote to blastocyst

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3
Q

Weeks two through eight of prenatal development

A

Embryonic stage: germ disk to embryo

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4
Q

What is induction?

A

Development pathway by cell action

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5
Q

What is proliferation?

A

Controls cellular growth and byproduct production

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6
Q

What is differentiation? What are the two types?

A

Cellular change into distinctly different structures with different functions

Cytodifferentiation: different cells
Histodifferentiation: different tissues

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7
Q

What is Morphodifferentiation?

A

Development of specific tissue structure or shape due to induction and proliferation

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8
Q

What is maturation?

A

Attainment of function in size due to proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis

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9
Q

What is embryogenesis? When does it occur?

A

Fertilization/fusion of oocyte and spermatozoon forming a zygote

Starts at time of fertilization in the fallopian tubes

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10
Q

What is a morula?

A

Ball of cells formed when a zygote divides

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11
Q

How is a blastocyst formed?

A

The morula forms a central cavity via fluid secretion.

This hollow ball of cells forms a blastocyst

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12
Q

What are the two parts of the blastocyst?

A

Trophoblast: peripheral cells that form the placenta

Embryoblast: Cells trapped inside the morula forms the embryo

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13
Q

When does implantation occur?

A

Days 6 to 11 the blaster cyst will attach to the uterus via trophoblast cells

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14
Q

What is the bilaminar germ disk formed from and when does it occur?

A

Embryoblast cells form two germ layers at days 7 to 8

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15
Q

What are the two germ layers of the billaminar germ disc called?

A

Epiblast (top layer) and hypoblast (bottom layer)

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16
Q

What is the amniotic cavity?

A

Space that forms between the epi-blast and amniotic sac

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17
Q

At which end of the bilaminar germ disc is the prechordal plate?

A

Cephalic end

Forms membrane which will separate future primitive mouth from the primitive gut

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18
Q

At which end of the bilaminar germ disk is the cloacal plate?

A

Caudal end

Forms membrane which establishes external openings for alimentary and genitourinary tract

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19
Q

What is the primitive groove and what does it do?

A

Longitudinal furrow/opening in the epi-blast at the caudal end.

Establishes bilateral symmetry

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20
Q

What is the primitive streak? What does it do

A

Elevation of the Epiblast on the posterior border of the privative groove.

Guides proliferating epiblast in forming the trilaminar germ disc

21
Q

What is the primitive pit?

A

Depression/opening at the anterior end of the primitive groove/ streak

22
Q

What is the primitive node/Hensens node

A

Elevation of Epiblast cells on the primitive pit guides more proliferating epiblast responsible for forming the future notochord

23
Q

What are the three layers of the trilaminar germ disc?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

24
Q

When is the trilaminar germ disc formed and how?

A

Day 21
Epiblast undergo proliferation/mitosis, migrate to the primitive streak, enter the primitive groove and passing between the Epiblast and hypoblast to form an intermediate layer called the mesoderm 

25
Q

What is the endoderm layer formed from?

A

Forms from the mesoderm when the HyperBlast is pushed laterally into the yolk sac

26
Q

How is the ectoderm layer created?

A

Epiblast becomes the ectoderm

27
Q

What is the notochord?

A

Pencil shaped column of cells that forms the axial skeleton (spine, ribs, sternum)

Cells induce the formation of the neural plate and synchronized development of the neural tube

28
Q

 What is the neural plate formed from?

A

Neuroectoderm (fourth germ layer)

29
Q

What is neurulation?  Which cells are involved?

A

Process by which the neural plate becomes the neural tube

Neural crest cells form the neural tube

30
Q

 Structures formed by the neural tube

A

Brain, spinal cord, retinas, optic nerves, pineal body and posterior pituitary gland

31
Q

What are the neural crest cells of the head?

A

Cranial ganglia
Autonomic ganglia
Adrenal medulla
Connective tissue of the lower face and neck

32
Q

What is the ectomesenchyme?

A

Cells that have not yet been told what they are going to be; give rise to future Dentin, cementum, alveolar bone, pulp etc.

33
Q

What are the neural crest cells of the trunk/body

A

Melanocytes (large amount, pigment cells)
Nerve cells
Spinal ganglia (dorsal root ganglion)

34
Q

What is needed for the third germ layer/mesoderm to form?

A

Need the epiblast to migrate to the primitive streak and enter the primitive groove. Well then passed between the epiblast and the hyper blast to form the intermediate layer

35
Q

What is embryonic folding and when does it occur?

A

Cephalic and lateral surfaces fold into a tube on day 28

Rearranges the forming tissues with the ectoderm now on the outside, endoderm on the inside and the mesoderm between the ectoderm and the endoderm

36
Q

What does the inner tube form during embryonic folding?

A

Forms the primitive gut

37
Q

Which structures are developing during week four?

A 
Frontonasal process
Stomodium (primitive mouth)
Oropharyngeal membrane
Rathke’s pouch
Primitive pharynx and foregut
First brachial arch/pharyngeal arch/mandibular arch
Second and third brachial arches
Primitive heart
Somites
38
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

Skin, nails, hair, enamel
Sensory epithelium and Neuroectoderm
Salivary, mammary, cutaneous glands

39
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A 
Dermis/connective tissue
Muscles
Skeletal system
Lymphatics, blood cells and bone marrow
Reproductive and excretory organs
40
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

Digestive tract lining: pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines
Respiratory tract lining: larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Lining of circulatory system
Liver and pancreatic cells

41
Q

What does the Neuroectoderm give rise to?

A

Neural crest cells of the head: pigment cells, connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, dental connective tissue (dentin, pulp, cementum, PDL and alveolar bone)

42
Q

What does the first brachial groove form?

A

External auditory canal

43
Q

What do the remaining brachial grooves form? What happens if this fails?

A

Fuse to form the neck

Failure to fuse will form remnants/cervical sinus and may form a cervical cyst

44
Q

What are the derivatives of the first brachial pouch?

A

Eustachian tube/internal auditory canal
Tympanic cavity/eardrum
Lining of the eardrum

45
Q

Derivatives of the second brachial pouch

A

Palatine tonsils

46
Q

Derivatives of the third brachial pouch

A

Thymus gland and inferior parathyroid gland

47
Q

Derivatives of the fourth brachial pouch

A

Superior parathyroid gland

48
Q

Derivatives of the 5th brachial pouch/ultimobrachial body

A

Fuses with thyroid gland and disseminates within it, gives rise to parafollicular cells

121 Histology & Embryology (15 decks)

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