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121 Histology & Embryology > Basic Histology > Flashcards

Basic Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is histology?

A

Science of microscopic structures and cell function

Helps us to understand renewal, repair, aging and pathology that affects human cells tissues organs and systems

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2
Q

What is the cell/plasma membrane made of and what does it enable?

A

Composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins

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3
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

 semi fluid medium, contains organelles

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4
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Command Center, produces DNA and RNA and contains genetic code (chromatin/chromosomes)

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5
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Powerhouse of the cell, produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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6
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Produce proteins, protein type depends on location

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7
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesize lipids, phospholipids and steroids

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8
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Ribosomes on the surface, transports proteins via vesicles

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9
Q

What is the Golgi complex?

A

Modifies proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum for exocytosis and produces lysosomes

Mucus secretory products for salivary gland‘s

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10
Q

What are centrosomes

A

Contain centrioles, which form mitotic spindle’s during cell division

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11
Q

What is the cytoskeleton? What is it composed of

A

Supports and Compartmentalizes

Microfilaments maintain shape and intracellular material transport

Microtubules assist in forming cilia/flagella, centrioles and mitotic spindle‘s

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12
Q

*What are intermediate filaments?

A

Structural proteins of hair and skin. Masticatory mucosa

Tonofilaments- intracellular junctions

Keratins- (papilla) attached gingiva, dorsum of tongue

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13
Q

What are vacuoles

A

 small, fluid filled cavities in the cell

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14
Q

What is the function of lysosomes

A

Phagocytosis of intracellular and extracellular waste. Digestible waist is recycled indigestible waste forms a residual body

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15
Q

What do chromosomes form from?

A

 chromatin

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16
Q

What are the five phases of mitosis?

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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17
Q

 what happens during interphase

A

Cell growth, metabolism, organelle replacement, substance production

Chromatin & centrosome

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18
Q

 what happens during prophase

A

Chromosomes form and centrioles polarize and form spindles, cell membrane disintegrates

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19
Q

What happens during metaphase

A

Spindle spread, chromosomes align and center

Centromeres

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20
Q

What happens during anaphase

A

Centromere‘s split chromosomes forming 2 chromatids and they polarize via mitotic spindle‘s

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21
Q

What happens during telophase

A

Division forms two daughter cells and the membrane reappears

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22
Q

What is extra cellular material?

A

Intercellular substance and tissue fluid

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23
Q

What is intercellular substance

A

Product of living cells
Is among cells of tissues and holds them together
Is a medium for passage of nutrients and waste from cell to capillaries and vice versa

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24
Q

What is amorphous/ground substance?

A

Found in intercellular substance
Mucopolysaccharide/glycosaminoglycan= hyaluronic acid

Barrier to foreign material and medium for exchange of gases and metabolic substances

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25
Q

Fibrous/formed elements

A

Found in Intercellular substance
Connective tissue protein fibers

Collagen
Elastin
Reticular
Oxylantan

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26
Q

Where is oxylantan found?

A

In the PDL space

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27
Q

What is tissue fluid and what does it do?

A

Derived from blood plasma and contains plasma proteins

Diffuses through capillaries and drains back via lymphatics

Dissolves, mixes and transports substances; enables chemical reactions

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28
Q

What are the four classifications of tissue?

A

Epithelium
Connective
Muscle
Nerve

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29
Q

What are the two types of epithelium?

A

 simple and stratified

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30
Q

What are the different types of simple epithelium?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified

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31
Q

What are the different types of stratified epithelium

A

Squamous (keratinized, non-keratinized), cuboidal, columnar, transitional

Glandular tissue (specialized)

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32
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper- specialized (adipose, fibrous, elastic, reticular)- solid soft
Cartilage- Solid firm
Bone- solid rigid
Blood, lymph- fluid

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33
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

Involuntary: smooth, cardiac

Voluntary: skeletal

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34
Q

What are the different types of nerve tissue

A

Afferent: sensory

Efferent: motor

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35
Q

What do all tissues have but also differ in?

A

All tissues have cells, intracellular substance and tissue fluid.

Differ in form and the number of cells, type and amount of intercellular substance and amount of tissue fluid

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36
Q

What are the three embryonic germ layers of epithelium?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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37
Q

2 types of epithelium

A

Covering/lining tissues

Glandular


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38
Q

What are the functions of epithelium

A 
Protective- against physical, chemical or pathologic a salt, dehydration and heat loss
Receptive/sensory
Absorption 
Secretory
Lubricates
39
Q

How many layers in simple epithelium?

A

One single very delicate layer

40
Q

Describe simple squamous epithelium

A

Cells are flat, line the walls of blood and lymph vessels

41
Q

Describe simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Cells are cube shaped, lines Intercalated ducts of salivary gland‘s

42
Q

Describe simple columnar epithelium

A

Cells are tall and narrow, lines the striated ducts of salivary gland‘s

43
Q

Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Appears stratified, lines the terminal ducts of salivary gland‘s and lines the upper respiratory tract and parotid papilla

44
Q

How many layers in stratified epithelium

A

 several layers thick

45
Q

 describe stratified squamous epithelium

A

Cells are flat with several layers
Mostly composed of keratin
NO blood vessels


46
Q

Describe stratified columnar epithelium

A

Tall and narrow and several layers thick

 line the pharynx and larynx

47
Q

What is the deepest layer of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Stratum germinativum/ Basal layer

Rests on the basement membrane and separates the epithelium from connective tissue

48
Q

Characteristics of the stratum germinativum

A

Deepest layer
Highly mytotic
Contains melanocytes
Cells are cuboidal to columnar
Epithelial retes/pegs interdigitate with connective tissue forming a convoluted line
Tonofilaments hold layers of cells together

49
Q

Layers of epithelium from deepest to outer layer

A

Stratum germinativum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum granulosum
 stratum corneum

50
Q

Describe the stratum Spinosum

A

Prickle layer
Desmosomes and Tonofilaments are formed on all surfaces
Some mitotic activity in the deepest portion
Melanocyte processes form

51
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum

A

Granular layer
Flat diamond shaped cells
Impermeable and can withstand shearing forces and mild acids and bases

52
Q

*Describe the stratum lucidum

A

Clear layer, may or may not be present
Found between granulosum and corneum
Thin, flat, few organelles

53
Q

Describe the stratum corneum

A 
Keratin layer
Surface layer, cells are called squames
Cells are 14 sided polygon‘s which interlock increasing in permeability
No nuclei, cells are filled with keratin
Layer desquamates, shedding itself
54
Q

What is contact dermatitis?

A

Inflammation of the skin due to contact with an irritant

 causes irritation but not anaphylaxis

55
Q

What is contact stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the oral mucosa due to contact with an irritant

Many people are allergic to Esther-based products as well as amides

56
Q

What are traumatic ulcers

A

Caused by physical trauma that results in a break between the stratum germinativum and the basement membrane exposing the underlying connective tissue

57
Q

What are viral ulcers

A

Caused by a virus that results in a break between the stratum germinativum and the basement membrane exposing the underlying connective tissue

Herpes on the lips and attached gingiva

58
Q

What are aphthous ulcers

A

Also known as canker sores

Host mediated ulcers caused by the persons own immune response resulting in a break between the stratum germinativum in the basement membrane and exposing the underlying connective tissue

59
Q

Describe wound healing

A

-Remove source of injury

  • Clot forms, inflammatory response triggered by WBC‘s as they move toward the injured area
  • Clot acts as a guide to form a new surface tissue
  • Epithelial cells around the injury migrate in to form a new epithelial surface layer beneath the clot
  • After surface is repaired, clot is broken down by enzymes
60
Q

What layer does basal cell carcinoma form in

A

Stratum germinativum

61
Q

What is basal cell carcinoma

A

Proliferation of basaloid epithelial cells and is caused by exposure to sun usually on the head, neck and middle third of face

May present as a cratered ulcer with a raised border

Most treatable form of skin cancer

62
Q

What is squamous cell carcinoma, what causes it

A

Thickening/hyperplasia of the epidermis or oral mucosa

Intraoral causes include tobacco, alcohol, trauma, heat from pipe smoking and nutritional deficiency


63
Q

Where does squamous cell carcinoma occur

A

In the germinativum layer

Found in the oral cavity, on the lips and also on all exposed surface at the dermis due to sun exposure

Red or white lesions with irregular, non-demarcated borders. Deadly

64
Q

Where does malignant melanoma develop from

A

From free malignant Milana Cytec dysplasia

Neoplasm of epidermal melanocytes

Caused by sun exposure and causes 85% of all skin cancer deaths

65
Q

Signs of melanoma

A

Affects individuals with fair complexions

Lesions are asymmetric with irregular borders, variegated color and diameter equal or greater than 6 mm

Found on the back, head, neck, chest, abdomen and extremities

66
Q

What are the ABC D’s of melanoma

A

Asymmetry
Borders are ragged, notched or blurred
Color is uneven tan, brown, black, red, white or blue
Diameter is larger than the size of a pencil eraser


67
Q

Describe intraoral melanoma

A

Deeply pigmented, may ulcerate and bleed

Favors the maxillary arch and into the vestibule/alveolar ridge

Radial growth patterns will present only on the surface

Vertical growth pattern well include increased size, darker color, nodulation, ulceration and will start to metastasize

68
Q

How much will your risk of melanoma increase by using tanning beds before the age of 30?

A

75%

69
Q

What is the process of tanning?

A

Granules of melanin are produced by melanocytes

Melanin passes through the melanocytes along processes to the granular layer of the epithelium and is absorbed into the keratin granules


70
Q

How does endocrine glandular tissue function

A

Releases internally

Ductless, secretions diffuse into blood and lymph vessels

  • thyroid, thymus, hypothalamus
71
Q

How does exocrine gland dealer tissue function?

A

Secretes “outside” the body

External, have ducts, secretions are transported via duct system

Salivary, sebaceous, sweat, mammary

72
Q

What are the general  characteristics of connective tissue

A

Fewer cells, more intracellular substance and tissue fluid

Major component is collagen

Provides framework that supports epithelium

Transport of nutrients

73
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Most numerous cell and connective tissue
Produces intracellular substance
Secretes precursors of collagen and elastin

74
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Leukocytes
High number in oral mucosa
Increased number in connective tissue of oral mucosa and gingiva
Synthesize heparin and histamine
When they react they release histamines and the heparin allows WBCs to leak into an area

75
Q

What is heparin?

A

Anticoagulant synthesized by mast cells

76
Q

What is histamine?

A

Induces capillaries to release plasma, synthesized by mast cells

77
Q

What are adipose cells?

A

 fat cells

78
Q

 what are macrophages

A

Scavenger cells that consume dead cells, foreign bodies and other debris.

Found near small blood vessels in tissues

79
Q

Types of white blood cells

A

Leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Lymphocytes: B cells, T cells, NK cells and monocytes

80
Q

Function of plasma cells

A

 produce antibodies/immunoglobulin

First line of defense to bacteria, viruses and other foreign bodies

81
Q

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

A

Two sub groups:

  • Serous in blood
  • secretory in saliva, tears and breastmilk

Defend against pathogens in body fluids

82
Q

IgD

A

Activates B-cell lymphocytes as antigen receptors

83
Q

IgE

A

Hypersensitivity response

84
Q

IgG

A

Major immunoglobulin in blood serum and can pass placental barrier for passive immunity in newborns

85
Q

IgM

A

Early immune response against pathogens

86
Q

Describe type one collagen

A

Most common type in the dermis, bone, tendons

  • lamina propria/ oral mucosa, Denton, pulp, cementum, PDL, alveolar bone
87
Q

What type of collagen is most abundant in dental tissues?

A

Type 1

88
Q

Out of all the dental tissues, which one is epithelial?

A

Enamel

E=enamel/epithelial

All others are connective tissues

89
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Forms membranes of connective tissue called fascia

Attaches structures of the body to one another and provides a protective padding

Contains blood vessels and nerve tissue

90
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Found throughout the body

Regular: tendons, ligaments
Irregular: underlies Epithelium
Reticular: framework for blood vessels and internal organs
Elastin: vocal cord folds

91
Q

Describe the dermis

A

Connective tissue proper

Papillary layer of loose connective tissue with Epithelial rete Ridges

Dense/reticular layer of dense connective tissue below the papillary layer

92
Q

Describe the hypodermis

A

Connective tissue deep to the dermis

Combination of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

93
Q

Features of connective tissue and collagen

A

Lower number of cells
Increased Intercellular substance and tissue fluid
Major protein is collagen- most abundant proteins in the body and product of a living cell (fibroblasts) most abundant cell of connective tissue

Ex: dentin, cementum, alveolar bone, PDL, pulp

94
Q

Features of epithelial tissue and keratin

A

Increased number of cells
Decrease in Intercellular substance and tissue fluid
Major protien is keratin

Second most abundant protein in the body and product of a dying cell (keratocyte) most abundant cell of epithelium

Ex: enamel

121 Histology & Embryology (15 decks)

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