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121 Histology & Embryology > Basic Histology Part II > Flashcards

Basic Histology Part II Flashcards

1
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

Fat tissue found throughout the body among soft tissues, marrow cavities and beneath the skin in certain areas

Cells include fibroblasts and adipocytes

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2
Q

What cells are found in red bone marrow?

A

Proerythroblast, hemocytoblast, thromboblast and adipose

Precursor cells

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3
Q

What is the Intercellular substance in red bone marrow?

A

Thin reticular fibers

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4
Q

What does red bone marrow produce?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets/thrombocytes and plasma cells

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5
Q

Where is lymphatic tissue found?

A

In the sinus and lymphoid nodes

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6
Q

What cells are found in lymphatic tissue?

A

Leukocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells

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7
Q

What is blood and what does it transport?

A

Fluid derived from bone marrow and lymphoid tissues

Transports cellular nutrients, oxygen, CO2 and metabolites

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8
Q

What are platelets essential for and why is it so important for us to know patient clotting time?

A

Essential for clotting. We must know patients clotting time before treating them so we know if and when they will stop bleeding

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9
Q

What is the purpose of plasma?

A

Carries plasma proteins, antibodies, blood cells and metabolites.

Platelet Rich plasma promotes bone graft healing

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10
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma minus clotting proteins

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11
Q

What are polymorphonucleocytes?

A

Type of white blood cell.
Mature granulocyte

Examples include neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

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12
Q

What is the difference between leukocytes and lymphocytes?

A

Both are white blood cells and function in immunity. All lymphocytes are leukocytes but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes.

There are many types of leukocytes, lymphocytes are agranular leukocytes. Lymphocytes include NK cells, T cells and B cells

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13
Q

What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages?

A

Monocytes are the largest type of white blood cell and play a big role in adaptive immunity. Macrophages are monocytes that have migrated from the bloodstream into any tissue in the body

Macrophages are also fixed in tissues where monocytes circulate

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14
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Specialized connective tissue made of a high amount of amorphous substance

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15
Q

What is the Intercellular substance in cartilage?

A

Collagen and elastin

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16
Q

What are the cells of cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts and chondrocytes. Chondrocytes occupy lacuna spaces in Intercellular substance

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17
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

Non-calcified, fibrous connective tissue sheath that covers cartilage and contains blood vessels

Always associated with hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

What is permanent cartilage?

A

Does not ossify, nutrients are supplied by the perichondrium

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19
Q

What is hyaline cartilage

A

Blue – white , Glassy translucent and contains collagen fibers

Found in the larynx, nose, trachea, ends of long bones and articular capsule


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20
Q

What is fibrous cartilage?

A

White and contains thick compact collagen fibers. Never found alone, merges with hyaline cartilage.

Found at the end of “healing bone fractures”

No perichondrium

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21
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

Yellow, more flexible and contains elastin fibers

Found in the eustachian tubes, external ear, epiglottis and parts of the larynx

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22
Q

What is temporary cartilage?

A

Makes up the skeleton of an embryo and the ends of long bones. Is replaced by bone

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23
Q

What is bone matrix/osteoid calcified by?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite

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24
Q

What are bone cells called?

A

Osteocytes

Occupy lacunae with canaliculi

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25
What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
Osteoblasts build bone and osteoclasts resorb and create spaces for new blood vessel formation
26
What is the composition of bone?
55% organic – collagen | 45% in organic – minerals
27
What are muscle tissue cells called?
Myoblasts Form muscle myofilaments
28
Properties of muscle tissue
Contractibility | Functions to move the body
29
What are the smallest contractile elements composed of myofilaments
Myofibrils
30
What are the two types of myofilaments that compose myofibrils
Actin and myosin
31
Describe myosin fibers
Thicker band with cross bridges on the ends
32
Describe actin fibers
Thinner band, active sites on the opposite end
33
What is the Sarcoplasmic reticulum?
This is what allows muscles to contract System of tubes closely approximated with myofibrils that communicates nerve impulses to activate the calcium pumps 
34
What is facia?
Sheets of connective tissue beneath the skin that attach to, stabilize, and clothes and separate muscles and other internal organs
35
What is a fascicle?
Bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by CT
36
What is a fasciculus?
Small bundle of nerve, muscle or tendon fibers
37
What is an endomysium?
CT covering each individual myofiber/muscle cell
38
What is the perimysium?
CT covering a group of muscle fibers or fascicle
39
What is the epimysium?
CT sheath surrounding a skeletal muscle
40
Features of smooth muscle tissue
Mix of walls of blood vessels, stomach and digestive tract | Involuntary contractions- Peristalsis
41
Features of cardiac muscle tissue
Involuntary Controls the rhythmic beating of the heart Single impulse from autonomic nervous system will cause all cells in a section to contract
42
Features of skeletal muscle tissue
Voluntary muscle contractions Innervated by peripheral nervous system Contractions are rapid and voluntary
43
What initiates muscle contractions and how are they transmitted?
Initiated by the brain and transmitted by acetylcholine synapses Causes Sarcoplasmicreticulum to release calcium ions stimulating myofilaments to pull together the contracting muscle
44
What is a sarcomere?
Contractile unit of myofibrils
45
Relaxed sarcomere
Two portions Actin on either side of Myosin  myosin in center of the sarcomere
46
Contracted sarcomere
During contraction myosin projections interact with actin and pull it into the center of the sarcomere
47
What is hypertrophy?
Muscle cells enlarging Heavy resistance increases skeletal muscle size but does not increase the number of muscle cells
48
What causes muscle pain?
Lactic acid buildup which is a product of oxidation | Anaerobic production of ATP
49
What is the difference between muscle spasm and muscle cramps?
Muscle spasms are sudden involuntary contractions that may cause pain Muscle cramps are painful spasmodic muscular contractions
50
What are mild clonic spasms?
Hiccups
51
What is tic douloureux
Trigeminal neuralgia. Excruciating facial/dental pain involving the trigeminal nerve of the lower face and jaw
52
What are tonic spasms?
Sustained contraction due to rabies or tetanus
53
How does muscle tissue repair itself?
With severe injury muscle tissue repairs with scar tissue With minor injury it heals without scarring and does not affect muscles ability to stretch
54
Two main divisions of the nervous system
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
55
What is included in the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord. White matter and gray matter
56
 What are the two branches of the peripheral nervous system
Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system
57
What is the peripheral nervous system composed of?
Made up of ganglia ganglia and peripheral nerves are outside of the CNS and all found in pairs Cells are very tough and maybe myelinated Dental nerve or core fasciculus
58
What are the dental nerve or core fasciculus?
Mantle bundles and core bundles
59
Mantle bundles
Near the outer surface and innervate mandibular Molars
60
Core bundles
Deep, innervate the interior mandible
61
Divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic Regulates Involuntary nerve impulses
62
Sympathetic nervous system
Fight or flight response  Stimulates adrenaline production and inhibits salvation
63
Parasympathetic
Rest or digest response Inhibit adrenaline and stimulates salvation
64
Somatic nervous system
Regulates voluntary nerve impulses, all skeletal muscles including those of the head and neck
65
Features of nerve tissue
Highly organized Pick up stimuli Cannot reproduce and have limited repairative properties Conductivity
66
What is the difference between an anomaly and a defect?
Cleft palate versus cells that become atypical via trauma, bacterial infection, virus etc.
67
What are neurons?
Nerve cells- largest cells in the body One cell body with processes Contain neurofibril‘s, Nissl bodies, Golgi and mitochondria
68
What is a neuron process?
Nerve fibers; axons and dendrites
69
What are axons?
Conduction of impulses away from the neuron | Branch at termination points of forming synapses with other dendrites
70
What are dendrites?
Thread like extensions of neuroplasm that branch into tree like processes and compose the largest receptive surface of a neuron Receive stimuli from other nerves and or receptor organs
71
What are the three types of neurons?
Sensory, interneuron and motor
72
What are sensory neurons?
Afferent, carries impulses to the brain
73
What are interneurons?
In the brain or spinal cord, carries impulses to motor neurons
74
What are motor neurons?
Efferent, carries impulses to muscles
75
What is a neurolemma?
Sheath of living cells that cover myelinated nerve fibers and contain Schwann cells
76
What are Schwann cells
Found in the neurolemma, produces the myelin sheath
77
What is the myelin sheath
Insulates axons nerve fibers and enables fast impulse conduction
78
What are nodes of Ranvier
Two successive Schwann cells a butt on the nerve fiber Enables rapid impulse conduction
79
Unipolar neurons
Have one axon and no dendrite Axon branches into two parts, one branch acting as a functional dendrite to send impulses to the neuron. Other branch transmits impulses away from the neuron ie. Cerebral cortex/cerebellum
80
Bipolar neurons
One axon and one dendrite, two processes Impulses conducted from the dendrite to neuron than along the axon ie. Retina, inner ear, olfactory mucous membranes
81
Multipolar neurons
One axon and several dendrites Motor neurons have a long axon and short dendrites Sensory neurons have a short axon and long dendrites
82
 what is the neurolemma?
Nerve membrane covering
83
Describe resting state with resting potential
Sodium concentration is highest outside of the neurolemma Potassium concentration highest on the inside of the neurolemma Membrane has a positive charge outside and negative charge inside
84
Depolarization with action potential
Occurs when an impulse is sent Outer membrane surface momentarily reconfigures Calcium ions released from binding sites Sodium ions rush into the axoplasm with potassium moving out Membrane has depolarized
85
What is the refractory period
Absolute: nerve fiber cannot conduct Relative: nerve fiber will conduct if the next impulse is stronger than the initial
86
Repolarization
Restores resting state Occurs behind depolarization Sodium ions rush back outside the neurilemma and potassium ions rush back inside Calcium ions return to binding sites on membrane and resting state with resting potential is restored

121 Histology & Embryology (15 decks)

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