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121 Histology & Embryology > Basic Histology Part II > Flashcards

Basic Histology Part II Flashcards

1
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

Fat tissue found throughout the body among soft tissues, marrow cavities and beneath the skin in certain areas

Cells include fibroblasts and adipocytes

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2
Q

What cells are found in red bone marrow?

A

Proerythroblast, hemocytoblast, thromboblast and adipose

Precursor cells

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3
Q

What is the Intercellular substance in red bone marrow?

A

Thin reticular fibers

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4
Q

What does red bone marrow produce?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets/thrombocytes and plasma cells

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5
Q

Where is lymphatic tissue found?

A

In the sinus and lymphoid nodes

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6
Q

What cells are found in lymphatic tissue?

A

Leukocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells

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7
Q

What is blood and what does it transport?

A

Fluid derived from bone marrow and lymphoid tissues

Transports cellular nutrients, oxygen, CO2 and metabolites

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8
Q

What are platelets essential for and why is it so important for us to know patient clotting time?

A

Essential for clotting. We must know patients clotting time before treating them so we know if and when they will stop bleeding

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9
Q

What is the purpose of plasma?

A

Carries plasma proteins, antibodies, blood cells and metabolites.

Platelet Rich plasma promotes bone graft healing

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10
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma minus clotting proteins

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11
Q

What are polymorphonucleocytes?

A

Type of white blood cell.
Mature granulocyte

Examples include neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

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12
Q

What is the difference between leukocytes and lymphocytes?

A

Both are white blood cells and function in immunity. All lymphocytes are leukocytes but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes.

There are many types of leukocytes, lymphocytes are agranular leukocytes. Lymphocytes include NK cells, T cells and B cells

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13
Q

What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages?

A

Monocytes are the largest type of white blood cell and play a big role in adaptive immunity. Macrophages are monocytes that have migrated from the bloodstream into any tissue in the body

Macrophages are also fixed in tissues where monocytes circulate

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14
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Specialized connective tissue made of a high amount of amorphous substance

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15
Q

What is the Intercellular substance in cartilage?

A

Collagen and elastin

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16
Q

What are the cells of cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts and chondrocytes. Chondrocytes occupy lacuna spaces in Intercellular substance

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17
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

Non-calcified, fibrous connective tissue sheath that covers cartilage and contains blood vessels

Always associated with hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

What is permanent cartilage?

A

Does not ossify, nutrients are supplied by the perichondrium

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19
Q

What is hyaline cartilage

A

Blue – white , Glassy translucent and contains collagen fibers

Found in the larynx, nose, trachea, ends of long bones and articular capsule


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20
Q

What is fibrous cartilage?

A

White and contains thick compact collagen fibers. Never found alone, merges with hyaline cartilage.

Found at the end of “healing bone fractures”

No perichondrium

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21
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

Yellow, more flexible and contains elastin fibers

Found in the eustachian tubes, external ear, epiglottis and parts of the larynx

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22
Q

What is temporary cartilage?

A

Makes up the skeleton of an embryo and the ends of long bones. Is replaced by bone

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23
Q

What is bone matrix/osteoid calcified by?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite

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24
Q

What are bone cells called?

A

Osteocytes

Occupy lacunae with canaliculi

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25
Q

What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

A

Osteoblasts build bone and osteoclasts resorb and create spaces for new blood vessel formation

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26
Q

What is the composition of bone?

A

55% organic – collagen

45% in organic – minerals

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27
Q

What are muscle tissue cells called?

A

Myoblasts

Form muscle myofilaments

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28
Q

Properties of muscle tissue

A

Contractibility

Functions to move the body

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29
Q

What are the smallest contractile elements composed of myofilaments

A

Myofibrils

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30
Q

What are the two types of myofilaments that compose myofibrils

A

Actin and myosin

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31
Q

Describe myosin fibers

A

Thicker band with cross bridges on the ends

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32
Q

Describe actin fibers

A

Thinner band, active sites on the opposite end

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33
Q

What is the Sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

This is what allows muscles to contract

System of tubes closely approximated with myofibrils that communicates nerve impulses to activate the calcium pumps


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34
Q

What is facia?

A

Sheets of connective tissue beneath the skin that attach to, stabilize, and clothes and separate muscles and other internal organs

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35
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

Bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by CT

36
Q

What is a fasciculus?

A

Small bundle of nerve, muscle or tendon fibers

37
Q

What is an endomysium?

A

CT covering each individual myofiber/muscle cell

38
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

CT covering a group of muscle fibers or fascicle

39
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

CT sheath surrounding a skeletal muscle

40
Q

Features of smooth muscle tissue

A

Mix of walls of blood vessels, stomach and digestive tract

Involuntary contractions- Peristalsis

41
Q

Features of cardiac muscle tissue

A

Involuntary
Controls the rhythmic beating of the heart
Single impulse from autonomic nervous system will cause all cells in a section to contract

42
Q

Features of skeletal muscle tissue

A

Voluntary muscle contractions
Innervated by peripheral nervous system
Contractions are rapid and voluntary

43
Q

What initiates muscle contractions and how are they transmitted?

A

Initiated by the brain and transmitted by acetylcholine synapses

Causes Sarcoplasmicreticulum to release calcium ions stimulating myofilaments to pull together the contracting muscle

44
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

Contractile unit of myofibrils

45
Q

Relaxed sarcomere

A

Two portions
Actin on either side of Myosin
 myosin in center of the sarcomere

46
Q

Contracted sarcomere

A

During contraction myosin projections interact with actin and pull it into the center of the sarcomere

47
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Muscle cells enlarging

Heavy resistance increases skeletal muscle size but does not increase the number of muscle cells

48
Q

What causes muscle pain?

A

Lactic acid buildup which is a product of oxidation

Anaerobic production of ATP

49
Q

What is the difference between muscle spasm and muscle cramps?

A

Muscle spasms are sudden involuntary contractions that may cause pain

Muscle cramps are painful spasmodic muscular contractions

50
Q

What are mild clonic spasms?

A

Hiccups

51
Q

What is tic douloureux

A

Trigeminal neuralgia. Excruciating facial/dental pain involving the trigeminal nerve of the lower face and jaw

52
Q

What are tonic spasms?

A

Sustained contraction due to rabies or tetanus

53
Q

How does muscle tissue repair itself?

A

With severe injury muscle tissue repairs with scar tissue

With minor injury it heals without scarring and does not affect muscles ability to stretch

54
Q

Two main divisions of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

55
Q

What is included in the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord. White matter and gray matter

56
Q

 What are the two branches of the peripheral nervous system

A

Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

57
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

A

Made up of ganglia
ganglia and peripheral nerves are outside of the CNS and all found in pairs
Cells are very tough and maybe myelinated
Dental nerve or core fasciculus

58
Q

What are the dental nerve or core fasciculus?

A

Mantle bundles and core bundles

59
Q

Mantle bundles

A

Near the outer surface and innervate mandibular Molars

60
Q

Core bundles

A

Deep, innervate the interior mandible

61
Q

Divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Regulates Involuntary nerve impulses

62
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight response

 Stimulates adrenaline production and inhibits salvation

63
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest or digest response

Inhibit adrenaline and stimulates salvation

64
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Regulates voluntary nerve impulses, all skeletal muscles including those of the head and neck

65
Q

Features of nerve tissue

A

Highly organized
Pick up stimuli
Cannot reproduce and have limited repairative properties
Conductivity

66
Q

What is the difference between an anomaly and a defect?

A

Cleft palate versus cells that become atypical via trauma, bacterial infection, virus etc.

67
Q

What are neurons?

A

Nerve cells- largest cells in the body
One cell body with processes
Contain neurofibril‘s, Nissl bodies, Golgi and mitochondria

68
Q

What is a neuron process?

A

Nerve fibers; axons and dendrites

69
Q

What are axons?

A

Conduction of impulses away from the neuron

Branch at termination points of forming synapses with other dendrites

70
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Thread like extensions of neuroplasm that branch into tree like processes and compose the largest receptive surface of a neuron

Receive stimuli from other nerves and or receptor organs

71
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Sensory, interneuron and motor

72
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Afferent, carries impulses to the brain

73
Q

What are interneurons?

A

In the brain or spinal cord, carries impulses to motor neurons

74
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Efferent, carries impulses to muscles

75
Q

What is a neurolemma?

A

Sheath of living cells that cover myelinated nerve fibers and contain Schwann cells

76
Q

What are Schwann cells

A

Found in the neurolemma, produces the myelin sheath

77
Q

What is the myelin sheath

A

Insulates axons nerve fibers and enables fast impulse conduction

78
Q

What are nodes of Ranvier

A

Two successive Schwann cells a butt on the nerve fiber

Enables rapid impulse conduction

79
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

Have one axon and no dendrite
Axon branches into two parts, one branch acting as a functional dendrite to send impulses to the neuron. Other branch transmits impulses away from the neuron

ie. Cerebral cortex/cerebellum

80
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

One axon and one dendrite, two processes

Impulses conducted from the dendrite to neuron than along the axon

ie. Retina, inner ear, olfactory mucous membranes

81
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

One axon and several dendrites

Motor neurons have a long axon and short dendrites

Sensory neurons have a short axon and long dendrites

82
Q

 what is the neurolemma?

A

Nerve membrane covering

83
Q

Describe resting state with resting potential

A

Sodium concentration is highest outside of the neurolemma

Potassium concentration highest on the inside of the neurolemma

Membrane has a positive charge outside and negative charge inside

84
Q

Depolarization with action potential

A

Occurs when an impulse is sent
Outer membrane surface momentarily reconfigures
Calcium ions released from binding sites
Sodium ions rush into the axoplasm with potassium moving out
Membrane has depolarized

85
Q

What is the refractory period

A

Absolute: nerve fiber cannot conduct
Relative: nerve fiber will conduct if the next impulse is stronger than the initial

86
Q

Repolarization

A

Restores resting state
Occurs behind depolarization
Sodium ions rush back outside the neurilemma and potassium ions rush back inside
Calcium ions return to binding sites on membrane and resting state with resting potential is restored

121 Histology & Embryology (15 decks)

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