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► Med Misc 47 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

where does the release oocyte go? where does the corpus luetum go?

A

fallopian tube; stays in uterus

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2
Q

what forms appendicular skeleton

A

somatic lateral plate mesoderm

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3
Q

Acipal Ectoderm Ridge

A

thickening of ectoderm on distal end of limb bud that induces proliferation and growth of limb

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4
Q

what forms intervertebral discs

A

mesenchymal cells dervied from notocord between cephalic and caudal

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5
Q

Phase 1 of fertilization

A

300-500 sperm pentrate corona radiata 1 sperm pentrates egg after coat on head degrades corona radiata.

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6
Q

Amniotic cavity

A

formed by epiblasts in week 2 (day 8). a cavity formed by epiblast and cytotrophoblasts.

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7
Q

what happens as corpus leutrum degenerates?

A

tapers off the release of estrogen and progesterone and endometrium lining soughs off (menstruation)

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8
Q

morula

A

16-32 cell stage at day 4

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9
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

blastocyst impacts in peritoneal cavity, mesentery, surface of ovary instead of uterine wall

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10
Q

myotome

A

derivative of somite gives rise to skeletal muscle

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11
Q

oropharyngeal membrane

A

tightly adhered region where mesoderm cannot intrude. Future mouth

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12
Q

proneucleus

A

nucleus in the oocyte that are haploids; one is from sperom and one is from oocyte. They fuse to form a diploid zyogte

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13
Q

dorsal neural crest cells

A

melanocytes - skin and hair follicles

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14
Q

sperm-oocyte membrane fusion

A

when cell membranes fuse and nucleus of sperm is injected into oocyte and triggers meiosis II

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15
Q

sclerotome

A

deriviative of somite. gives rise to vertebrate surround neural tube and noto cord

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16
Q

caudal neuropore

A

is caudal edge of neural tube folding. gives rise to spinal cord

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17
Q

what forms axons from spinal ganglion

A

ventral neural crest cells

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18
Q

what becomes mid-gut

A

sphlonachonpluere folding

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19
Q

what do cranial somites form

A

neurcranium or skull bone

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20
Q

primitive groove function

A

epiblast cells invaginate through primitive groove to form mesoderm and endoderm. Epiblast cells on top differentiate into ectoderm.

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21
Q

primitive pit purpose

A

epiblast cells invaginate to from notocord, which grows to oropharyngal membrane.

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22
Q

what trigger the LH release?

A

increase leveled of estrogen.

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23
Q

formation of three germ layers

A

formed by migration of epiblast cells through primitive streak

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24
Q

what do the rest of the somites form?

A

mytome or sclerotome, dermatome

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25
Q

what happens day 5?

A

morula enters uterine cavity and fluids penetrate zona pllucida into innercell space to form a single cavity called a blastocele

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26
Q

cranial nueropore

A

leading edge of cranial folding. gives rise to brain.

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27
Q

neural groove formation

A

rising of nueral plate (ectoderm) and inside sinks to from the neural groove

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28
Q

hind gut

A

formation from caudal folding

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29
Q

primitive streak formation

A

formed by thickening of epiblast layer due to epiblast proliferation from cranial to caudal

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30
Q

what happens when primitive streak degenerates too soon?

A

sirenomella, or mermaid like. undifferentiated lower limbs and other organs

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31
Q

week 2 goals

A

implantation of blastocyst, establish uteroplacental circulation

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32
Q

spermatogonia

A

stem cells for sperom developed in testes, activated at puberty

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33
Q

Gametogeneis

A

formation of gametes primordial germ cells in yolk sac (3 weeks) of embryo to give rise to spermatogonia and ovaries

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34
Q

epiblast cells

A

formed from inner cell mass or embryoblast. gives rise to three germ layers and entire embryo.

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35
Q

embryoblast

A

inner cell mass, give rise to embryo

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36
Q

Foregut formation

A

from cranial folding

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37
Q

how many chromosomes are there?

A

46 (23 pairs each)

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38
Q

extraembryonic reticulum

A

cavity surrounding yolk sac and amniotic cavity.

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39
Q

Limb growth stages

A

1) limb bud (week 5) 2) paddle (week 5) can begin to see some shape 3) ray (week 6) webbed fingers 4) segmental apoptosis, formation of figers

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40
Q

hypoblast cells

A

formed from inner cell mass or embryoblase not embryo forming, give rise to lining of yolk sac.

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41
Q

end result of embryo folding

A

1) embryo covered with ectoderm 2) amniotic cavity surround embryo 3) endoderm lined gut tube inside body suspended by dorsal mesentery 4) yolk sac outside body 5) connecting stalk ventrally becomes umbilicus

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42
Q

trophoblast

A

outer cell mass, give rise to placenta

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43
Q

Chorionic cavity

A

fluid filled spaces in extra-embryonic mesoderm

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44
Q

when does 1st division occur?

A

30 hours after fertilization

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45
Q

cleavage

A

mitosis of zygote; increases # but volume remains the same

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46
Q

uteroplacental circulation

A

when englulfed in the membrane, hypoblasts and abembryonic pole start forming yolk sac maternal blood cells fills lacunae in extraembryonic space.

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47
Q

Embryo head folding

A

folds ventrally and caudally to shift everything into the opposite place. ie. spetum transversum was most cranial, now it’s most caudal. forms the endoderm lined foregut

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48
Q

somite develpment

A

somites develop in the paraxial mesoderm around day 20. and form every 8 hours or so. there are around 42 form

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49
Q

neural tube

A

formed by thickened ectoderm and cranial gives rise to brain, caudal gives rise to spinal cord, underneath ectoderm and on top of notocord

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50
Q

notocord function

A

cells migrating along notocord have different fates and differentiate into different layers: 1) parasial mesoderm 2) intermediate mesoderm 3) lateral mesoderm this is called the fate map

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51
Q

steps after implantation:

A

1) epiblasts cells grow deeper into the walls of the uterus 2)amniotic cavity begins to form in epiblast layer 3)hypoblasts differentiate into yolk sac trophoblastic lacunae are openings in the syncytiotrophoblast layer 4) maternal blood enters lacunae 5)extraembryonic reticulum forms

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52
Q

yolk sac

A

hypoblasts divide and migrate to form exocoelomic membrane. (day 8)

53
Q

hypomere

A

ventral side of myotome that give rise to body wall and limbs. body wall maintains segmentation, limbs don’t

54
Q

Implantation

A

at day 5-6, zona pellucida is gone and trophoblast at embryonic pole pentrate endometrium of uterus. blastocyst travels from ampulla –> oviduct –> uterus for implantation. trophoblast forms two layers.

55
Q

when does cranial neural fold close? caudal?

A

cranial day 24 caudal day 26

56
Q

non-disjunction of meiosis 2

A

2 regular, 1 + and 1-

57
Q

ventral neural crest cells

A

sympathetic nervous system,sensory NS, schwann cells

58
Q

what forms axial skeleton

A

paraxial mesoderm somites

59
Q

what forms melanocytes

A

neural crest cells

60
Q

primitive node formation

A

dilation of primitive streak at cranial end

61
Q

where does the muscle of limbs originate?

A

myotomes

62
Q

gastrulation

A

formation of three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

63
Q

non-disjunction of meiosis 1

A

2 gametes with extra and 2 with one less

64
Q

how long is an ovulated oocyte viable for?

A

24 hours

65
Q

structures that give rise to limg

A

ectoderm covers outside somatic lateral plate mesoderm fills the inside

66
Q

blastocyst

A

the polar body that forms after entrance into the uterine cavity. with a embryonic pole and an amebryonic pole and an inner trophoblast layer.

67
Q

neural plate

A

thickening of ectoderm above notocord

68
Q

what does the pituitatry release?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone

69
Q

what do embryoblasts become

A

hypoblast epiblasts

70
Q

embryo lateral folding

A

somatopleure becomes lateral and ventral body wall sphlanchnoplere becomes mid gut sphlanchnic layers merge to become dorsal mesentery that suspends mid gut.

71
Q

primitive groove formation

A

primitive streak invaginates to form primitive groove

72
Q

End of week 1:

A

formation of blastocyst impantation into uterine wall differentation into epiblasts and hypoblasts

73
Q

what becomes dorsal mesentary

A

splhanchnic layers merge

74
Q

what happens with nondisjunction?

A

trisomy (down’s syndrome, edwards syndrom) or monosomy (turner’s syndrome)

75
Q

what happens with LH release?

A

LH causes the follicle to burst release the oocyte and corpus leutem

76
Q

what can go wrong in fertilizations?

A

mutation, translocation, deletion non-disjunction of meiosis 1 and 2

77
Q

acrosome/ acrosome reacion

A

compartment of sperm that releases the digestive enzymes to degrade the corona radiata and zona pellucida

78
Q

paraxial mesoderm

A

closest to notocord. gives rise to skeleton, skeletal muscle via somites

79
Q

day 7

A

blastocyst is partially embeded in endometrial stoma trophoblasts and embryoblasts differentiated into two layers

80
Q

somatic/partietal

A

part of lateral mesoderm connection with ectoderm (somatopleure)

81
Q

what forms smooth and cardiac muscles

A

lateral somatic mesoderm plate

82
Q

midgut formation

A

formed by pinching off the yolk sac (sphlancophleure) in lateral body folding

83
Q

dermatome

A

derivative of somite gives rise to the dermis

84
Q

zygote

A

single cell product of fertilization

85
Q

cloacal membrane

A

tightly adhered region where mesoderm cant intrude. future anus

86
Q

compaction

A

when morula cells tightly adhere and are hard to observe. gives rise to inner cell mass (embryoblast) and outer cell mass (trophoblast)

87
Q

nuerulation

A

formation of the neural tube, induction by notocord.

88
Q

what forms facial bones?

A

neural crest cells

89
Q

division of myotome

A

the nerves segmentally innervate skeletal muscles and myotome divides into epimere and hypomere, causing the spinal nerve to split into dorsal and ventral rami

90
Q

capcitation

A

removes glycoprotein coating from head of sperm by female genital mucosa, allows for penetration of corona radiata and zona pellucida.

91
Q

what happens as the follicle grows?

A

releases estrogen to start thickening of endometrium lining

92
Q

what forms connective tissue

A

somatic lateral plate mesoderm

93
Q

resegmentation

A

as the nerves migrate out of the neural tube to innervate myotome, it splits the sclerotome into a cranially and caudal region. resegmentation is the fusion of a cranial and caudal adjacent sclerotome to form a vertebrae

94
Q

mesenchyme

A

loosely organized embyonic connective cells regardless of origin

95
Q

what forms skeletal muscles

A

paraxial mesoderm

96
Q

neural canal

A

inside cavity of neural tube, \ cranial gives rise to ventricles; caudal gives rise to central canal

97
Q

What happens in week 1

A

cleavage

98
Q

what do trophoblasts become

A

cytotrophoblasts (forms extraembryonic membranes) syncytiotrophoblasts (cell mass of embryonic pole)

99
Q

phase 3 or fertilization

A

fusion of oocyte and sperm cell membranes head and tail enter cytoplams and plasma membranes merge resumption of 2nd meiotic division to make a polar body and oocyte.

100
Q

pituitary gland

A

gland that releases hormones to signal ovulation and menstruation

101
Q

embryo tail folding

A

folding where cranial and caudal switch creation of the hind gut

102
Q

what cell cause implantation

A

trophoblasts

103
Q

lateral mesoderm

A

differentiates into splanchini/visceral and somatic/partietal layers, plus intraembryonic space. primitive gut, posterior and lateral body wall.

104
Q

blastocele

A

the cavity that forms when uterine fluid enter the morula.

105
Q

intermediate mesoderm

A

forms from mid notocord. gives rise to urogential organs

106
Q

cardiogenic field

A

horse-shoe shaped endothelial lines tube that develops underneath intraembryonic cavity. gives rise to the heart

107
Q

intraembryonic cavity

A

space between parietal and visceral plates of lateral plate. becomes the body cavity

108
Q

splanchnic/visceral

A

part of lateral mesoderm connection with endoderm (splachnopleure)

109
Q

neural crest

A

cells on sides of neural tube that migrate to form melanocyotes (dorsal) and ventral cells (sensory, sympathetic neurons, and schwann cells)

110
Q

what does C1 sclerotome form

A

cranial merges with caudal of occipital to form occpitial bone caudal c1 merges with cranial C2 to form C1 vertebrate

111
Q

what becomes lateral and ventral body wall

A

lateral folding of somatopleure

112
Q

how many sperms does it take to penetrate zona pellucida?

A

hundreds of thousands

113
Q

oogonia

A

stem cells of ovaries, increase number to 7 million, arrest in mieosis 1 and arrest. ovaries degenerate and 500 oocytes are ever formed and ovulated.

114
Q

what does the corpus leutum do?

A

causes the release of estrogen and progesterone to signal the thickening of the edometrium lining.

115
Q

epimere

A

dorsal side of myotome that gives rise to deep back muscles (erector spinae). mantain segmental innervation

116
Q

phase 2 of fertilization

A

penetration of zona pellucida glycoprotein layer around egg induces reaction that allows penteration of sperm. head contacts plasma membrane

117
Q

Where does fertilization take place?

A

ampulla (wide part of fallopian tube) takes 4-5 days to transport to uterus

118
Q

development of limbs

A

1) begin as outgrowth of limb bud of somatopleure 2)acipal ectoderm ridge induces mesoderms to proliferate 3) limb gets longer and differentiation occurs from proximal to distal

119
Q

primitive streak degeneration

A

degernations at week 4 (approx 26 days)

120
Q

how do bones form in limbs?

A

mesenchyme condenses and differentiates into chondocytes. at six week, it forms hyaline cartilage.

121
Q

ovluation cycle

A

pituatary releases FSH –> follicles grow and release estrogen –> endometrium to thicken –> estrogen trigers release of LH from pituatry to cause follicle to burst and release oocyte. release oocyte transported to fallopian tube coprpus luetum remains and releases E and P to cause endometrium to thicken and prepare for implantation. as corpus luetum degenerates, it cuts off E and P supply and edometrium begins to slough off.

122
Q

results of fertilization

A

1) restoration of diploid chromosome 2) determination of sex 3) initiation of cleavage

123
Q

neural folding

A

when neural folds rise and meet in the mid-embryo (dorsally) and closes cranially to caudally. produces neural tube.

124
Q

primitive pit formation

A

invagination of primitive node

125
Q

what happens when primite streak stays too long?

A

sarcococcygeal teratoma tumor of all three germ layers that is usually benign

126
Q

what forms motor nerves

A

axons from neural tube

127
Q

what starts ovulation?

A

release of FSH from pituitary that causes the release of a follicle

128
Q

blastomeres

A

daughters of zygote. held by tight junctions

► Med Misc 47 (11 decks)

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