Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Unit 2 TRUNK > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Cloaca

A

terminal portion of the hindgut, an endoderm lines cavity that is in direct contact with surface ectoderm. divides into two canals: one for solid and one for liquid waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

formation of greater omentum

A

dorsal mesogastrium buldge down over colon and SI to form a double layer sac greater omentum is the fusion between the two sheet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the linings of the lungs?

A

endoderm lined splanchinic lateral plate mesoderm on outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

umbilical or vitelline fistula

A

vitelline duct remains patent over its entire length, connects umbilicus to intestinal tract. fecal discharge at umbilicus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fixation of midgut

A

As intestines sit in final positions, mesenteries press against back wall of abdominal cavity. Ascending colon, duodenum become retroperitoneal The rest of the midgut (jejunum and ileum, cecum, appendix) are interperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mesenteric changes of midgut

A

Descending and ascending get into position, they press against peritonum and become retroperitoneal. appendix, cecum and sigmoid are intermesternic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Formation of perineal body

A

At week, fusion of urorectal spetum with cloacal membrane to divide into anal membrane and urogential membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

testicular migration

A

develop in lumbar region on dorsal abdominal wall as pelvis enlarges and trunk enlarges, gubernaculum does not grow and testes descend through inguinal canal during week 28 and takes 2-3 days move beneath peritoneum and behind processus vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the umbilical vein form?

A

Round ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mesonephric duct

A

what drains urine in the mesonphric state. participate in the formation of the male genetical system by forming the ductus deferens and epididymis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mesentary proper

A

grows into jejunal and ileum SM a midgut region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does foramen ovale form?

A

fossa ovalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

primary intestinal loop

A

forms during midgut physiological herniation. Part of the intestines that projects into the umbilical cord Upper arm is small intestines lower arm is terminal ileum, cecum, appendix and asecneding and part of transverse colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

anterior urorectal sinus

A

forms the primitive urogenital singus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gonad development stepwise

A

1) primordial germ cells migrate to site of future gonadal ridge from near allontis to lumbar region 2) PGC induces thickening of gonadal ridge 3) week 6: PGC invade genital ridge and becomes enveloped by sex cords. 4) through reciprocal induction of PGC and cords, the gonad begins to develop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pseudoglandular

A

first stage developing tissues resemble glands, but no gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Development of stomach

A

Due to differing growth rate foregut caudal to diaphragm grows faster and causes stomach to rotate right and caudal end to swing cranially thus what was left is anterior, and what is anterior is the lesser curvature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cloacal membrane

A

composed of endoderm of the cloaca and ectoderm of anal pit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Renal agenesis

A

failure to form kidneys because there was never a pronephric kidney. could be one side or both sides (both sides is not conducive to life)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what layer in the urinary system derived from

A

intermediate mesoderm - plate lying between paraxial mesoderm and lateral plate mesoderm and the cloaca`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dorsal mesoduodenum

A

grows into duodenum CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cardiac looping

A

Cardiac loop bends at heart lengthens cranial goes ventrally, caudally to the right caudal, goes dorsal cranially and to the left Begins day 23 ends day 28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

mesentary

A

double layers of peritoneum that enclose an organ or connect to body wall derived from splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm both dorsal and ventral mesentary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Dorsal mesocolon

A

grows into colon IM a Hindgut region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pronephric duct

A

formed during pronephro stage formed by union of mephrotomal vesicles that progress toward cloaca. The pronephros are though to induce mesonephric duct formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

formation of pancreatic duct

A

merging of vetnral and dorsal pancreatic buds. incomplete fusion can lead to accessory ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Formation of sex cords

A

in week six, primodridal germ cells invade genital ridge and become incorporated into sex cords. These proliferate and grow from coelmic epithilium into underlying mesenchyme. sex cords become the seminiferous tubules in males and medullary cords in females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Urorectal septum

A

ridge of mesenchye between the allontiois and hindgut. As is grows caudally to cloacal membrane, divides cloaca into anterior and posterior part.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Ductus venosus

A

To avoid umbilical blood through liver sinusoids bypasses heptaic portal from umbilical vein to IVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hepatic diverticulum

A

connects proximal 1/3 of duodenum with the stomach grows into ventral mesogastrium gives rise to gall bladder and bile ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what does ventral mesentary form?

A

lesser omentum falciform ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

splanchinic mesoderm lining

A

forms smooth muscles, connective tissues and mesentary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

parietal mesothilium

A

parietal peritoneal lining, on anterior body wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Cranial folding for the heart development

A

Folding brings right and left endocardiotubes together Day 18-22

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Dorsal mesogatrium

A

Dorsal mesentary that gives rise to the greater omentum Branches of Celiac trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Meckels diverticulum

A

condition where connection to yolk sack via vitellie duct persists for longer than usual and a remnant of the vitelline duct remains. Causes vitelline cysts (enteroceystoma) that contain gastric of pancreatic mucosa leads to bleeding and perforation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Basic development of urinary system

A

three kidney system; metanephros is preceded by 2 transitionary kidneys 1) pronephros 2) mesonephros 3) metanephros

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

allantois

A

connection between urinary bladder and amniotic space becomes a fibrous cord after birth called the urachus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

gubernaculum

A

a ligamentthat descends on each side of the lower poles of the testis/ovaries and passes obliquely down abdominal wall and attaches to labioscrotal swellings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Endoderm lining

A

forms lining of glands and gut tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

terminal sac

A

third stage of lung development increased number of terminla sac, and alveoli can perform gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Reduction of midgut hernia

A

Intestines return to abdomen week 10 Jejunum returns first and settling behind SMa. The rest undergoes at 180 counterclockwise rotation to place cecum and appendix near right lobe of liver where they descend into right fossa. Total rotation is 270° it returns due to decrease in relative size of liver and mesophrenic kidneys, as well as abdominal enlargement and expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Pancreas development

A

ventral pancreatic bud in the ventral mesogastrium dorsal pancreatic bud int he dorsal mesogastrium as the dorsal bud grows, it rotates left and it retroperitoneal. Ventral bud (uncinate process) grows and rotates left 270° to fuse with dorsal bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

cord cells of ovary

A

forms follicular cells that surround oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

uteric bud

A

an outgrow of the mesonephric duct also called metanephric diverticulum branches to produce factors that produce the metanephric blastoma gives rise to ureter, renal plevis, renal calyces, collecting tubes and ducts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Pronephros

A

primitive and non-functional kidey Begins at beginning of 4th week and ends at end of 4th week At level c5-c7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

primordial germ cells

A

from indifferent genital stage originate in epiblast and migrate to wall of yolk sac near origin of allantois.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

mesencyme cells of ovary from

A

stromal cells - supportive cells of ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Development of testis

A

due to XY composition 1) Y chromosome releases a SRY (transduction factor on Y chromosome) 2) that signals the release of the TDF (testis determination factor) 3) directly causes cord cells to transform into sertoli cells that support spermatogenesis and make up furture efferent ductules. 4) the Sertoli cells release a mullarian inhibitory factor that triggers the aponeurosis of the mullarian ducts. 5) TDF also indirectly gives rise of leydig cells from mesencyme. 6) leydig cells release testosterone to promoe external genetalia and male genital ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

rotation in umbilical cord of proximal intestinal loop

A

fortates 90° around axis of superior mestenteric artery so that the proximal limb is on the right and distal limb is on the left. This is when branching of the SMa occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

posterior urorectal sinus

A

forms the anocrectal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

ventral mesentary

A

exists only in foregut (esophagus, stomach and upper duo) due to extension of septum transversum associated with liver, bilary tree, ventral pancreas grow into it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Compartmentalization of intraembyonic coelom

A

Pleuropericarinal exens anteriorly to close the pericardioperitoneal canal. This is moving towards the septum transversum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

lower arm of midgut loop

A

terminal ileum, cecum, appendix, colon

55
Q

Respiratory diverticulum

A

ventral out-pocketing of the foregut

56
Q

What happens to dorsal mesentary in 5th week?

A

extends from esophagus to cloacal region and forms: dorsal mesogastrium dorsal mesoduodenum dorsal mesocolon mesentary proper

57
Q

somatic lateral plate mesoderm

A

Mesoderm in contact with ectoderm

58
Q

ascent of the kidney

A

metanephric kidneys ascent from pelvic region to the thoracolumbar level as embryo elongates and grows caudally. during ascent, kidney gets vascularized by continually higher levels of aortic branches.

59
Q

what is formed as a result of cranial folding?

A

1) septum transversus 2) pleuroperitoneal membranes 3) dorsal mesentary of esophagus 4) body wall mesoderm

60
Q

At the anus

A

the surface of skin is contiuous with the perineum and surrounding tissue is derived from splanchnic mesencyme Supplied by inferior rectal a and internal pudendal n.

61
Q

Umbilical vein

A

delivers O2, nutrient rich blood from placent to fetus to enter ductus venosus

62
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

bypasses pulmonary circulation, left atrium to right atrium

63
Q

what forms the prostate

A

at 3 months, epithelium of cranial part of urethra prolifates and forms a outbudding of mesenchyme.

64
Q

order of the cariac tube

A

most cranial is right ventricle, then left ventricle, then aortas are separated at the most caudal end.

65
Q

Formation of anal canal

A

upper 2/3 are from hind gut and lower 1/3 from proctoderm ectoderm (or the area around the cocoal membrane)

66
Q

splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm

A

mesoderm in contact with endoderm

67
Q

what does the ductus arteriosus form?

A

ligamentum arteriosum

68
Q

development of female external genetalia

A

due to the absence of androgens 1) genital tubercle elongates slightly to form clitoris glans 2) urogential sinus remains open with urethra and vaginal openings separated 3) urogential folds form labia minora 4) labioscoral swellings remain unfused except for most anterior and posterior sites to form labia majora

69
Q

Metanephros period

A

permanent and function kidney develops in pelvic region starts Week5, functions week 9-10 develops from uteric bud and metanephric blastema

70
Q

Hindgut gives rise to….

A

left 1/3 to transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid, rectum, upper portion of anal canal, and lining of bladder and urethra.

71
Q

Visceral mesothilium

A

is the visceral peritoneal lining that forms around gut tubes and posterior body wall

72
Q

how are uterine tubes formed

A

from unfused mullarian ducts at cranial end

73
Q

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A

when pleuroperitoneal folds do not fuse completely with septum trasnversum organs fill the open space

74
Q

Mesonephric diverticulum/trigone formation

A

formation of the uteric bud on the posterior wall of urogenital sinus at sight of bladder. Thus the mesonephric ducts and ureters are side by side on posterior bladder. as bladder grows, mesonephric ducts get pulled down and incorporated into posterior wall. uterine bud gains independent opening on cranial and lateral side. mesonphric ducts open caudally to bladder in urethra (in males). female mesonephric ducts deteriorate trigone formed

75
Q

Fixation of hindgut

A

mesentery fuses with peritoneum in the descending colon to make it retroperitoneal. But the mesentery of sigmoid colon persists - intraperitoneal

76
Q

Development of ovaries

A

1) no Y chromosome means no SRY o 2) no SRY means no TDF 3) no TDF means no Mullarian Inhibiting factor, thus mullarian ducts grow and differentiate. 4) no TDF means low testosterone inhibits/regresses the formation of mesonephric ducts –> female genetalia.

77
Q

Alveolar stage

A

final stage in lung development drastic increase in the number of alveoli

78
Q

Male external genetalia

A

antrogens from testis induce the: growth of the genital tubercle to form the penis extension of the urogential folds to cover the shaft of the penis and fuse at the urogential groove. and the swellings and fusion of the labiosacral folds to from the scrotum. closes the urthetra plate inside, so that the ureter is internal

79
Q

at what day do primary bronchials form?

A

28

80
Q

Umbilical artery

A

delivers fetal blood that is deoxygenated to placenta from internal iliac a.

81
Q

Mesonephros

A

temporary and function Week 4 - Week 10 (functional between 5-10) During pronephro regression, mesonephros appear from intermediate mesoderm to form function nephrons that filter embryonic blood and generate urine.

82
Q

superficial ring

A

opening of inguinal canal in external oblique aponeurosis

83
Q

Deep inguinal ring

A

opening in transversalis fascia

84
Q

how are urogential ridges formed?

A

the nephrogenic cords producte bilateral longitudinal bulges on the dorsal wall of the coelomic cavity. (just outside the umbilicus)

85
Q

Upper arm of midgut loop

A

Small intestines

86
Q

After cranial folding:

A

cardiogenic field is more cranial than septum transversum intraembryonic coelom is folded inferiorly

87
Q

Indifferent gential stage

A

formed by two types of cells: primordial germ cells and nutrient supportive cells (follicular (w) or sertolid (men)

88
Q

what does umbilical artery form

A

medial ligaments

89
Q

esophageal atresia

A

abnormal separation of esophagus and trachea inability to swallow

90
Q

Metanephric blastema

A

caudal most portion of intermediate mesoderm stimulates uterine bud to continue to branch and grow stimulated by uteric buds to form nephrons (proximal and distal convoluted tube, loop of henle, bowman’s capsule)

91
Q

Innervation of the diaphragm

A

Phrenic n. C3-5

92
Q

Wolffian vs mullarian ducts

A

wolffian are from the mesonphric ducts created during the mesonephric stage mullaraian are from the paramesonephric ducts which develop due to longitudinal invagination of the epithelium at anterior surface of urogential ridge.

93
Q

Formation of bile duct

A

grows in ventral mesogastrium rotates left 270° to enter duodenum from posterior and left

94
Q

Formation of anal opening

A

Mesenchyme around anal membrane (region around cloaca) raises the surrounding ectoderm to form an anal pit. The swellings are called anal folds. the anal membrane ruptures to establish the orifice of the anal canal that opens to the amniotic cavity.

95
Q

Vitelline duct in midgut looping

A

distal tip of midgut loop is still attached to yolk sac via vitelline duct that connects to the yold sac

96
Q

urogential sinus division

A

urinary zone (region above mesonphric ducts continuous with allantois) middle or pelvic zone genital zone: region below mesonephric ducts close by urogenital membrane.

97
Q

tracheoesophageal fistula

A

incomplete separation of esophagus and trachea aspirating stomach acid into lungs

98
Q

Pectinate line

A

where the anal pit ectoderm and hindgut endoderm meet at the level of the semilunar valves. Former site of anal membrane. Epithelium changes frol columnar to stratified squamous

99
Q

Endocardial tube

A

vasculogenic cell clusters line this area above oropharyngeal membrane in splanchinic lateral plate mesoderm.

100
Q

vasculature of developing heart

A

3 paris of veins drain into primitive heart 1 artery (aortic sac) leaves it.

101
Q

Omephalocele

A

When intestinal loops are not pushed back into the stomach after physiological herniation. Herniated loops are covered in amnion instead of skin.

102
Q

Midgut formation

A

Rapid elongation of the yolk sac, leaving abdominal cavity to small and must hernaiate out of umbilical cord during week 6. Week 10 it returns.

103
Q

What is the septum transversum?

A

forms the central tendon of the diaphgram

104
Q

how is omental bursa formed?

A

stomach rotation causes dorsal mesogastrium to pull greater curvature to left and pulls visceral mesogastrium to the right.

105
Q

Hirschsprung disease

A

congential anglionic megacolon due to absence of parasympathetic ganglia from neural crest cells on bowel wall (usually distal colon) can’t participate in peristaltic movement, fecal matter accumulates

106
Q

Steps of lung development

A

1) lung bud pinches off foregut below future larynx to separate from esophagus. 2) repeated limb bud branching 3) repeated branching of respiratory diverticulum 4) Terminal branches differentiate into alveoli

107
Q

what day does secondary bronchials form?

A

30

108
Q

Ducts to the hingut

A

allantois ventrally and mesonphefric laterally

109
Q

ovarian migration

A

uterine tubes were initially verticle, but during development of uterus move toward interior abdominal cavity and become horizontal Ovary is temporarily found cranial to UT on posterior body, but moves to posterior and inferior of UT

110
Q

What forms the right ventricle

A

bulbus cordis

111
Q

Umbilical herniation (physiological herniation)

A

process by which midgut forms by protruding intestines outside body cavity in a u-shaped umbilical loop (space of extraembryonic coelom. From weeks 6-10

112
Q

Hindgut portion of anal canal

A

supplied by inferior mesenteric artery and made of endoderm from yolk sac

113
Q

urthral plate in males

A

becomes the penile urethra with invagination by the urgential folds. does not reach tip of penis, needs ectodermal thickening ot extend out.

114
Q

Reciprocal induction of metanerphric blastema and uteric bud

A

they both induce each other to create their determined factors. metanehoric blastema is the nephron uteric bud is the renal pelvis

115
Q

what does vaginal process become

A

tunica vaginalis

116
Q

tracheoesophageal ridge/septum

A

ridge between lung bud and esophagus during lung formation

117
Q

Stages of lung development

A

1) pseudoglandular 2) canailcular 3) terminal sac 4) alveolar stage

118
Q

Cecum development

A

due to cecum diverticulum in week 6 on the caudal limb of the midgut just beyond apex of loop.

119
Q

processus vaginalis

A

from peritoneal sac develops ventral to gubernaculum and herniates through lower abdominal wall carries extensions of abdominal wall before it, and there for forms the walls of the inguinal canal (which forms coverings of testis and speramatic cord)

120
Q

how is uterus formed

A

fusion of caudal ends of mullarian ducts. (caudal to cranial)

121
Q

male vs vemal sex differentiation

A

all due to Y chromosome Male: mesophrenic duct proliferates to form DD; mullarian degenerates female: mullarian duct proliferates to form uterus, uterine tubes and vagina, mesonephric duct degenerates

122
Q

formation of gonadal ridge

A

during week 5 primordial germ cells mifrate along dorsal mesentery of hindgut to lumbar region of developing embryo, causing the coelomic epithelium (lining of mesonephric duct) to thicken and form the gonadal ridge.

123
Q

Coelom formation

A

cranial folding to change what is caudal and cranial

124
Q

what forms the bladder?

A

The urogentical sinus that formed to the growing of the urogential septum mesencyme to divide the cloaca into two parts.

125
Q

how is vagina formed?

A

caudal end of fused mullarian duct contacts bladder and lengthens through proliferation. Fuses with urogential sinus posteiror wall of urogenital sinus thickens to form a vaginal epithelial plate that curves to form a canal.

126
Q

Before cranial folding:

A

spetum transversum (most cranial) cardiogeneic field (more caudal) intraembryonic coeolm is flat

127
Q

what does the ductus venosum form?

A

ligamentum venosum

128
Q

what do the mesonephric ducts form?

A

epididymis and ductus deferens

129
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

bypasses pulmonary circle from pulmonary artery to aorta

130
Q

canailcular

A

second stage of lung development terminal sacs begin to form, but not enough for 02 exchange

131
Q

how are urinary system and genital system related

A

very closely! both develop from common mesodermal ridge along post. ab. wall excretory ducts initially both enter cloaca cavity.

132
Q

what day does tertiary bronchials form?

A

38

133
Q

when is genetic sex determined

A

fertilization, but gonads do not acquire male or female morphological changes until 5-6 week of development.

Anatomy Unit 2 TRUNK (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions